Arts & Sciences Brown School McKelvey School of Engineering School of Medicine Weekly Publications

WashU weekly Neuroscience publications

"Sex-specific glioma genome-wide association study identifies new risk locus at 3p21.31 in females, and finds sex-differences in risk at 8q24.21" (2018) Scientific Reports

Sex-specific glioma genome-wide association study identifies new risk locus at 3p21.31 in females, and finds sex-differences in risk at 8q24.21
(2018) Scientific Reports, 8 (1), art. no. 7352, . 

Ostrom, Q.T.a b c , Kinnersley, B.d , Wrensch, M.R.e , Eckel-Passow, J.E.f , Armstrong, G.a , Rice, T.e , Chen, Y.b , Wiencke, J.K.e , McCoy, L.S.e , Hansen, H.M.e , Amos, C.I.g , Bernstein, J.L.h , Claus, E.B.i j , Il’yasova, D.k l m , Johansen, C.n o , Lachance, D.H.p , Lai, R.K.q r , Merrell, R.T.s , Olson, S.H.h , Sadetzki, S.t u , Schildkraut, J.M.v , Shete, S.w , Rubin, J.B.x y , Lathia, J.D.z , Berens, M.E.aa , Andersson, U.ab , Rajaraman, P.ac , Chanock, S.J.ac ad , Linet, M.S.ac , Wang, Z.ac ad , Yeager, M.ac ad , Beane Freeman, L.E.ac , Koutros, S.ac , Albanes, D.ac , Visvanathan, K.af , Stevens, V.L.ag , Henriksson, R.ah , Michaud, D.S.ai , Feychting, M.aj , Ahlbom, A.aj , Giles, G.G.ak , Milne, R.ak , McKean-Cowdin, R.r , Le Marchand, L.al , Stampfer, M.am an , Ruder, A.M.ao , Carreon, T.ap , Hallmans, G.aq , Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A.ar , Gaziano, J.M.as , Sesso, H.D.am , Purdue, M.P.ac , White, E.at , Peters, U.at , Buring, J.am , Houlston, R.S.d , Jenkins, R.B.ae , Melin, B.ab , Bondy, M.L.a , Barnholtz-Sloan, J.S.b

a Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
b Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
c Department of Population and Quantitative Heath Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
d Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
e Department of Neurological Surgery and Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
f Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
g Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
h Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
i School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
j Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
k Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, United States
l Cancer Control and Prevention Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
m Duke University Medical Center, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, United States
n Finsen Center, Oncology clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
o Survivorship Research Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark
p Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, United States
q Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
r Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
s Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, il, United States
t Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Tel Hashomer, Israel
u Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
v Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
w Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
x Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
y Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
z Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
aa Translational Genomics Research Institute, Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Phoenix, AZ, United States
ab Department of Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
ac Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
ad National Cancer Institute, Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
ae Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, United States
af Department of Epidemiology, United States of America, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
ag American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States
ah Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
ai Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
aj Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
ak Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
al Department of Public Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Manoma, HI, United States
am Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
an Department of Epidemiology Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
ao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Atlanta, GA, United States
ap Division of Surveillance and Field Studies, Hazard Evaluations, Atlanta, GA, United States
aq Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
ar Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
as Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
at Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States

Abstract
Incidence of glioma is approximately 50% higher in males. Previous analyses have examined exposures related to sex hormones in women as potential protective factors for these tumors, with inconsistent results. Previous glioma genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have not stratified by sex. Potential sex-specific genetic effects were assessed in autosomal SNPs and sex chromosome variants for all glioma, GBM and non-GBM patients using data from four previous glioma GWAS. Datasets were analyzed using sex-stratified logistic regression models and combined using meta-analysis. There were 4,831 male cases, 5,216 male controls, 3,206 female cases and 5,470 female controls. A significant association was detected at rs11979158 (7p11.2) in males only. Association at rs55705857 (8q24.21) was stronger in females than in males. A large region on 3p21.31 was identified with significant association in females only. The identified differences in effect of risk variants do not fully explain the observed incidence difference in glioma by sex. © 2018 The Author(s).

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Local functional connectivity alterations in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder" (2018) Journal of Affective Disorders

Local functional connectivity alterations in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder
(2018) Journal of Affective Disorders, 236, pp. 266-273. 

Wei, Y.a b , Chang, M.b c , Womer, F.Y.d , Zhou, Q.a b , Yin, Z.a b , Wei, S.b c , Zhou, Y.a b e , Jiang, X.b c , Yao, X.a b , Duan, J.a b , Xu, K.c , Zuo, X.-N.f , Tang, Y.a b e , Wang, F.a b c

a Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
b Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
c Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
d Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
e Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
f CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China

Abstract
Background: Local functional connectivity (FC) indicates local or short-distance functional interactions and may serve as a neuroimaging marker to investigate the human brain connectome. Local FC alterations suggest a disrupted balance in the local functionality of the whole brain network and are increasingly implicated in schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: We aim to examine the similarities and differences in the local FC across SZ, BD, and MDD. In total, 537 participants (SZ, 126; BD, 97; MDD, 126; and healthy controls, 188) completed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging at a single site. The local FC at resting state was calculated and compared across SZ, BD, and MDD. Results: The local FC increased across SZ, BD, and MDD within the bilateral orbital frontal cortex (OFC) and additional region in the left OFC extending to putamen and decreased in the primary visual, auditory, and motor cortices, right supplemental motor area, and bilateral thalami. There was a gradient in the extent of alterations such that SZ > BD > MDD. Limitations: This cross-sectional study cannot consider medications and other clinical variables. Conclusions: These findings indicate a disrupted balance between network integration and segregation in SZ, BD, and MDD, including over-integration via increased local FC in the OFC and diminished segregation of neural processing with the weakening of the local FC in the primary sensory cortices and thalamus. The shared local FC abnormalities across SZ, BD, and MDD may shed new light on the potential biological mechanisms underlying these disorders. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Long term electroencephalography in preterm neonates: Safety and quality of electrode types" (2018) Clinical Neurophysiology

Long term electroencephalography in preterm neonates: Safety and quality of electrode types
(2018) Clinical Neurophysiology, 129 (7), pp. 1366-1371. 

El Ters, N.M.a , Mathur, A.M.a , Jain, S.b , Vesoulis, Z.A.a , Zempel, J.M.b

a Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
b Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States

Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare gold cup and hydrogel electrodes for frequency of electrode replacement, longevity of the original electrodes after initial placement, recording quality, and skin safety issues in long-term EEG studies in preterm neonates. Methods: We performed a prospective trial with newborns born at ≥23 weeks and ≤30 weeks of gestational age (GA). Two mirror image EEG electrode arrays were utilized on consecutive subjects, where gold cup electrodes alternated with hydrogel electrodes. Results: Our sample included 50 neonates with mean GA of 27 (±1) weeks. The mean recording time was 84 (±15) hours. No difference was present in the frequency of replacement of either type across the total recording time (p = 0.8). We collected the time at which electrodes were first replaced, and found that hydrogel electrodes showed a longer uninterrupted recording time of 28(±2) hours vs. 20(±2) hours for gold cup electrodes (p = 0.01). Recording quality was similar in either type (p = 0.2). None of the patients experienced significant skin irritation from a discrete electrode. Conclusion: Long-term EEG studies can be performed with either gold cup or hydrogel electrodes, validating the safety and quality of both electrode types. Significance: Hydrogel electrodes are a reasonable alternative for use in long-term EEG studies in preterm neonates. © 2018 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology

Author Keywords
Electrode;  Electroencephalography;  Gold cup;  Hydrogel;  Quality;  Safety

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"TDP-43 interacts with mitochondrial proteins critical for mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics" (2018) Neuroscience Letters

TDP-43 interacts with mitochondrial proteins critical for mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics
(2018) Neuroscience Letters, 678, pp. 8-15. 

Davis, S.A.a b , Itaman, S.a , Khalid-Janney, C.M.a , Sherard, J.A.a , Dowell, J.A.c , Cairns, N.J.d , Gitcho, M.A.a b

a Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
b Delaware Center for Neuroscience Research, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
c Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, Madison, WI, United States
d Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States

Abstract
Transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) functions as a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein and is the major pathological protein in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease (ALS/MND). TDP-43 pathology may also be present as a comorbidity in approximately 20–50% of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease cases. In a mouse model of MND, full-length TDP-43 increases association with the mitochondria and blocking the TDP-43/mitochondria interaction ameliorates motor dysfunction. Utilizing a proteomics screen, several mitochondrial TDP-43-interacting partners were identified, including voltage-gated anion channel 1 (VDAC1) and prohibitin 2 (PHB2), a crucial mitophagy receptor. Overexpression of TDP-43 led to an increase in PHB2 whereas TDP-43 knockdown reduced PHB2 expression in cells treated with carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), an inducer of mitophagy. These results suggest that TDP-43 expression contributes to metabolism and mitochondrial function however we show no change in bioenergetics when TDP-43 is overexpressed and knocked down in HEK293T cells. Furthermore, the fusion protein mitofusin 2 (MFN2) interacts in complex with TDP-43 and selective expression of human TDP-43 in the hippocampus and cortex induced an age-dependent change in Mfn2 expression. Mitochondria morphology is altered in 9-month-old mice selectively expressing TDP-43 in an APP/PS1 background compared with APP/PS1 littermates. We further confirmed TDP-43 localization to the mitochondria using immunogold labeled TDP-43 transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and mitochondrial isolation methods There was no increase in full-length TDP-43 localized to the mitochondria in APP/PS1 mice compared to wild-type (littermates); however, using C- and N-terminal-specific TDP-43 antibodies, the N-terminal (27 kDa, N27) and C-terminal (30 kDa, C30) fragments of TDP-43 are greatly enriched in mitochondrial fractions. In addition, when the mitochondrial peptidase (PMPCA) is overexpressed there is an increase in the N-terminal fragment (N27). These results suggest that TDP-43 processing may contribute to metabolism and mitochondrial function. © 2018 The Authors

Author Keywords
APP/PS1;  MFN2;  Mitochondria;  Mitophagy;  PHB2;  PMPCA;  TDP-43

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Viruses have multiple paths to central nervous system pathology" (2018) Current Opinion in Neurology

Viruses have multiple paths to central nervous system pathology
(2018) Current Opinion in Neurology, 31 (3), pp. 313-317. 

Agner, S.C.a , Klein, R.S.b c d

a Department of Neurology, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
b Department of Medicine, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
c Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
d Department of Neuroscience, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States

Abstract
Purpose of review Although viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are known to acutely cause pathology in the form of cytokine-mediated neural tissue damage and inflammation, the pathophysiology of neurologic sequelae after viral clearance is incompletely understood. Recent findings Alterations in microglial and glial biology in response to initial infiltration of immune cells that persist within the CNS have recently been shown to promote neuronal dysfunction and cognitive deficits in animal models of viral encephalitis. Summary The current review summarizes the current knowledge on the possible role of innate immune signaling during acute infections as triggers of neurologic sequelae that persist, and may even worsen, after clearance of viral infections within the CNS. © Copyright 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Author Keywords
encephalomyelitis;  Guillain-Barré syndrome;  HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder;  microcephaly

Document Type: Review
Source: Scopus

"Pre-clinical MR elastography: principles, techniques, and applications" (2018) Journal of Magnetic Resonance

Pre-clinical MR elastography: principles, techniques, and applications
(2018) Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 291, pp. 73-83. 

Bayly, P.V.a , Garbow, J.R.b

a Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in Saint LouisMissouri, United States
b Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States

Abstract
Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a method for measuring the mechanical properties of soft tissue in vivo, non-invasively, by imaging propagating shear waves in the tissue. The speed and attenuation of waves depends on the elastic and dissipative properties of the underlying material. Tissue mechanical properties are essential for biomechanical models and simulations, and may serve as markers of disease, injury, development, or recovery. MRE is already established as a clinical technique for detecting and characterizing liver disease. The potential of MRE for diagnosing or characterizing disease in other organs, including brain, breast, and heart is an active research area. Studies involving MRE in the pre-clinical setting, in phantoms and artificial biomaterials, in the mouse, and in other mammals, are critical to the development of MRE as a robust, reliable, and useful modality. © 2018

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"The Microglial Innate Immune Receptor TREM2 Is Required for Synapse Elimination and Normal Brain Connectivity" (2018) Immunity

The Microglial Innate Immune Receptor TREM2 Is Required for Synapse Elimination and Normal Brain Connectivity
(2018) Immunity, 48 (5), pp. 979-991.e8. Cited 1 time.

Filipello, F.a j , Morini, R.b , Corradini, I.b c , Zerbi, V.d , Canzi, A.a , Michalski, B.e , Erreni, M.f , Markicevic, M.d , Starvaggi-Cucuzza, C.b , Otero, K.g , Piccio, L.h , Cignarella, F.h , Perrucci, F.b , Tamborini, M.b , Genua, M.f , Rajendran, L.i , Menna, E.b c , Vetrano, S.a , Fahnestock, M.e , Paolicelli, R.C.i , Matteoli, M.b c

a Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele – Milan, Italy
b Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano – Milan, Italy
c IN-CNR, Milano, Italy
d Neural Control of Movement Lab, HEST, ETH Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland
e Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, HSC-4N80, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
f Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano – Milan, Italy
g Department of Neuroimmunology, Acute Neurology and Pain, Biogen Inc., 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA, United States
h Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
i Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
j Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. LouisMO, United States

Abstract
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a microglial innate immune receptor associated with a lethal form of early, progressive dementia, Nasu-Hakola disease, and with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Microglial defects in phagocytosis of toxic aggregates or apoptotic membranes were proposed to be at the origin of the pathological processes in the presence of Trem2 inactivating mutations. Here, we show that TREM2 is essential for microglia-mediated synaptic refinement during the early stages of brain development. The absence of Trem2 resulted in impaired synapse elimination, accompanied by enhanced excitatory neurotransmission and reduced long-range functional connectivity. Trem2−/− mice displayed repetitive behavior and altered sociability. TREM2 protein levels were also negatively correlated with the severity of symptoms in humans affected by autism. These data unveil the role of TREM2 in neuronal circuit sculpting and provide the evidence for the receptor’s involvement in neurodevelopmental diseases. TREM2 is a microglial innate immune receptor whose functions during brain development are still unknown. Filipello et al. demonstrate that TREM2 is essential for microglia to eliminate supernumerary synapses in the developing brain. TREM2 protein was also reduced in autistic patients, suggesting that the receptor may be involved in neurodevelopmental diseases. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Author Keywords
autism;  development;  microglia;  PSD95;  synapse;  synaptic pruning;  TREM2

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Tracking the Influence of Autistic Traits on Competencies Among School Aged Children with Subthreshold Autistic Traits: A Longitudinal Study" (2018) Child Psychiatry and Human Development

Tracking the Influence of Autistic Traits on Competencies Among School Aged Children with Subthreshold Autistic Traits: A Longitudinal Study
(2018) Child Psychiatry and Human Development, pp. 1-15. Article in Press. 

Crehan, E.T.a d , Baer, J.a , Althoff, R.R.b , Constantino, J.N.c

a University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect, Burlington, VT, United States
b University of Vermont, UHC Campus, 1 South Prospect, Box 364SJ 3m, Burlington, VT, United States
c Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8504, St. Louis, MO, United States
d Autism Assessment, Research, Treatment and Services (AARTS) Center, Rush University Medical Center, 1645 West Jackson Boulevard, Suite 603, Chicago, IL, United States

Abstract
This study aims to further explore the implications of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms for children who do not meet full diagnostic criteria. More specific characterization of how challenges present relative to traits of ASD such as social responsiveness is vital to developing an understanding of what competency and mental health difficulties these impairments are related to, and if they persist over time. Assessments of autistic traits, clinical symptomotology, and competency were used to quantify the relation of these domains cross-sectionally and across time. Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) scores significantly contributed to a teacher-report Happy scale from the Teacher’s Report Form and a parent-report Social scale from the Child Behavior Checklist. No significant longitudinal models emerged. Splitting the SRS scores into three severity classes revealed that impaired social responsiveness is significantly related to competency, unlike average or below average deficits. Implications of subthreshold ASD traits on competency outcomes are discussed. © 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

Author Keywords
Adaptive skills;  ASD;  Autism;  Long-term outcomes;  Subsyndromal traits

Document Type: Article in Press
Source: Scopus

"Tau seeding activity begins in the transentorhinal/entorhinal regions and anticipates phospho-tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease and PART" (2018) Acta Neuropathologica

Tau seeding activity begins in the transentorhinal/entorhinal regions and anticipates phospho-tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease and PART
(2018) Acta Neuropathologica, pp. 1-11. Article in Press. 

Kaufman, S.K.a b , Del Tredici, K.c , Thomas, T.L.a , Braak, H.c , Diamond, M.I.a

a Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, NL10.120, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, United States
b Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
c Clinical Neuroanatomy Section/Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by accumulation of tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and, according to the prion model, transcellular propagation of pathological “seeds” may underlie its progression. Staging of NFT pathology with phospho-tau antibody is useful to classify AD and primary age-related tauopathy (PART) cases. The locus coeruleus (LC) shows the earliest phospho-tau signal, whereas other studies suggest that pathology begins in the transentorhinal/entorhinal cortices (TRE/EC). The relationship of tau seeding activity, phospho-tau pathology, and progression of neurodegeneration remains obscure. Consequently, we employed an established cellular biosensor assay to quantify tau seeding activity in fixed human tissue, in parallel with AT8 phospho-tau staining of immediately adjacent sections. We studied four brain regions from each of n = 247 individuals across a range of disease stages. We detected the earliest and most robust seeding activity in the TRE/EC. The LC did not uniformly exhibit seeding activity until later NFT stages. We also detected seeding activity in the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and primary visual cortex (VC) at stages before NFTs and/or AT8-immunopositivity were detectable. AD and putative PART cases exhibited similar patterns of seeding activity that anticipated histopathology across all NFT stages. Our findings are consistent with the prion model and suggest that pathological seeding activity begins in the TRE/EC rather than in the LC. In the analysis of tauopathy, quantification of seeding activity may offer an important addition to classical histopathology. © 2018 The Author(s)

Author Keywords
Alzheimer’s disease;  FRET biosensor;  Neurofibrillary tangles;  Prion propagation;  Tau seeding activity, Tau staging

Document Type: Article in Press
Source: Scopus

"Anxiety in the orthopedic patient: using PROMIS to assess mental health" (2018) Quality of Life Research

Anxiety in the orthopedic patient: using PROMIS to assess mental health
(2018) Quality of Life Research, pp. 1-8. Article in Press. 

Beleckas, C.M., Prather, H., Guattery, J., Wright, M., Kelly, M., Calfee, R.P.

Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States

Abstract
Purpose: This study explored the performance of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety assessment relative to the Depression assessment in orthopedic patients, the relationship between Anxiety with self-reported Physical Function and Pain Interference, and to determine if Anxiety levels varied according to the location of orthopedic conditions. Methods: This cross-sectional evaluation analyzed 14,962 consecutive adult new-patient visits to a tertiary orthopedic practice between 4/1/2016 and 12/31/2016. All patients completed PROMIS Anxiety, Depression, Physical Function, and Pain Interference computer adaptive tests (CATs) as routine clinical intake. Patients were grouped by the orthopedic service providing care and categorized as either affected with Anxiety if scoring > 62 based on linkage to the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 survey. Spearman correlations between the PROMIS scores were calculated. Bivariate statistics assessed differences in Anxiety and Depression scores between patients of different orthopedic services. Results: 20% of patients scored above the threshold to be considered affected by Anxiety. PROMIS Anxiety scores demonstrated a stronger correlation than Depression scores with Physical Function and Pain Interference scores. Patients with spine conditions reported the highest median Anxiety scores and were more likely to exceed the Anxiety threshold than patients presenting to sports or upper extremity surgeons. Conclusions: One in five new orthopedic patients reports Anxiety levels that may warrant intervention. This rate is heightened in patients needing spine care. Patient-reported Physical Function more strongly correlates with PROMIS Anxiety than Depression suggesting that the Anxiety CAT is a valuable addition to assess mental health among orthopedic patients. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic level III. © 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

Author Keywords
Anxiety;  Depression;  Mental health;  Orthopedic;  Patient-reported

Document Type: Article in Press
Source: Scopus

"A Programme for Risk Assessment and Minimisation of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Developed for Vedolizumab Clinical Trials" (2018) Drug Safety

A Programme for Risk Assessment and Minimisation of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Developed for Vedolizumab Clinical Trials
(2018) Drug Safety, pp. 1-10. Article in Press. 

Parikh, A.a , Stephens, K.a h , Major, E.b , Fox, I.a , Milch, C.a i , Sankoh, S.a j , Lev, M.H.c , Provenzale, J.M.d , Shick, J.e k , Patti, M.a , McAuliffe, M.a l , Berger, J.R.f m , Clifford, D.B.g

a Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, United States
b National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
c Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
d Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
e Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Inc, Deerfield, IL, United States
f University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
g Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
h Syros Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, United States
i Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
j Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA, United States
k Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, United States
l Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
m University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States

Abstract
Introduction: Over the past decade, the potential for drug-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has become an increasingly important consideration in certain drug development programmes, particularly those of immunomodulatory biologics. Whether the risk of PML with an investigational agent is proven (e.g. extrapolated from relevant experience, such as a class effect) or merely theoretical, the serious consequences of acquiring PML require careful risk minimisation and assessment. No single standard for such risk minimisation exists. Vedolizumab is a recently developed monoclonal antibody to α4β7 integrin. Its clinical development necessitated a dedicated PML risk minimisation assessment as part of a global preapproval regulatory requirement. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the multiple risk minimisation elements that were incorporated in vedolizumab clinical trials in inflammatory bowel disease patients as part of the risk assessment and minimisation of PML programme for vedolizumab. Methods: A case evaluation algorithm was developed for sequential screening and diagnostic evaluation of subjects who met criteria that indicated a clinical suspicion of PML. An Independent Adjudication Committee provided an independent, unbiased opinion regarding the likelihood of PML. Results: Although no cases were detected, all suspected PML events were thoroughly reviewed and successfully adjudicated, making it unlikely that cases were missed. Conclusion: We suggest that this programme could serve as a model for pragmatic screening for PML during the clinical development of new drugs. © 2018 The Author(s)

Document Type: Article in Press
Source: Scopus

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"Coping with adversity: Individual differences in the perception of noisy and accented speech" (2018) Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics

Coping with adversity: Individual differences in the perception of noisy and accented speech
(2018) Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, pp. 1-12. Article in Press. 

McLaughlin, D.J.a b , Baese-Berk, M.M.a , Bent, T.c , Borrie, S.A.d , van Engen, K.J.e

a Department of Linguistics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
b Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
c Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
d Department of Communicative Disorders and Deaf Education, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
e Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States

Abstract
During speech communication, both environmental noise and nonnative accents can create adverse conditions for the listener. Individuals recruit additional cognitive, linguistic, and/or perceptual resources when faced with such challenges. Furthermore, listeners vary in their ability to understand speech in adverse conditions. In the present study, we compared individuals’ receptive vocabulary, inhibition, rhythm perception, and working memory with transcription accuracy (i.e., intelligibility scores) for four adverse listening conditions: native speech in speech-shaped noise, native speech with a single-talker masker, nonnative-accented speech in quiet, and nonnative-accented speech in speech-shaped noise. The results showed that intelligibility scores for similar types of adverse listening conditions (i.e., with the same environmental noise or nonnative-accented speech) significantly correlated with one another. Furthermore, receptive vocabulary positively predicted performance globally across adverse listening conditions, and working memory positively predicted performance for the nonnative-accented speech conditions. Taken together, these results indicate that some cognitive resources may be recruited for all adverse listening conditions, while specific additional resources may be engaged when people are faced with certain types of listening challenges. © 2018 The Psychonomic Society, Inc.

Author Keywords
Inhibition;  Speech perception;  Working memory

Document Type: Article in Press
Source: Scopus

"Anemia of prematurity and cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy: should transfusion thresholds in preterm infants be revised?" (2018) Journal of Perinatology

Anemia of prematurity and cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy: should transfusion thresholds in preterm infants be revised?
(2018) Journal of Perinatology, pp. 1-8. Article in Press. 

Whitehead, H.V.a , Vesoulis, Z.A.a , Maheshwari, A.b , Rao, R.a , Mathur, A.M.a

a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
b Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States

Abstract
Objective: To determine the impact of progressive anemia of prematurity on cerebral regional saturation (C-rSO2) in preterm infants and identify the hemoglobin threshold below which a critical decrease (>2SD below the mean) in C-rSO2 occurs. Study design: In a cohort of infants born ≤30 weeks EGA, weekly C-rSO2 data were prospectively collected from the second week of life through 36 weeks post-menstrual age (PMA). Clinically obtained hemoglobin values were noted at the time of recording. Recordings were excluded if they were of insufficient duration (<1 h) or if the hemoglobin was not measured within 7 days. Statistical analysis was performed using a linear mixed effects-model and ROC analysis. ROC analysis was used to determine the threshold of anemia, where C-rSO2 critically decreased >2SD below the mean normative value (<55%) in preterm infants. Results: In total 253 recordings from 68 infants (mean EGA 26.9 ± 2.1 weeks, BW 1025 ± 287 g, 49% male) were included. Approximately 29 out of 68 infants (43%) were transfused during hospitalization. Mixed-model statistical analysis adjusting for EGA, BW, and PMA revealed a significant association between decreasing hemoglobin and C-rSO2 (p < 0.01) in transfusion-naive infants but not in transfused infants. In the transfusion naive group, using ROC analysis demonstrated a threshold hemoglobin of 9.5 g/dL (AUC 0.81, p < 0.01) for critical cerebral desaturation in preterm infants. Conclusions: In transfusion-naive preterm infants, worsening anemia was associated with a progressive decrease in cerebral saturations. Analysis identified a threshold hemoglobin of 9.5 g/dL below which C-rSO2 dropped >2SD below the mean. © 2018 Nature America, Inc., part of Springer Nature

Document Type: Article in Press
Source: Scopus

"Editorial: New advances in electrocochleography for clinical and basic investigation" (2018) Frontiers in Neuroscience

Editorial: New advances in electrocochleography for clinical and basic investigation
(2018) Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12 (MAY), art. no. 310, . 

Pienkowski, M.a , Adunka, O.F.b , Lichtenhan, J.T.c

a Salus University, Elkins Park, PA, United States
b Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
c School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States

Author Keywords
Balance disorders;  Cochlea;  Cochlear implants;  Electrocochleography (ECochG);  Hearing disorders

Document Type: Editorial
Source: Scopus

"Common genetic contributions to high-risk trauma exposure and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors" (2018) Psychological Medicine

Common genetic contributions to high-risk trauma exposure and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors
(2018) Psychological Medicine, pp. 1-10. Article in Press. 

Richmond-Rakerd, L.S.a b , Trull, T.J.b , Gizer, I.R.b , McLaughlin, K.b , Scheiderer, E.M.b c , Nelson, E.C.d , Agrawal, A.d , Lynskey, M.T.e , Madden, P.A.F.d , Heath, A.C.d , Statham, D.J.f , Martin, N.G.g

a Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
b Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
c Department of Clinical and Counselling Psychology, NHS Grampian, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Aberdeen, UK
d Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
e National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
f University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
g QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia

Abstract
Background: Prior research has documented shared heritable contributions to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal ideation (SI) as well as NSSI and suicide attempt (SA). In addition, trauma exposure has been implicated in risk for NSSI and suicide. Genetically informative studies are needed to determine common sources of liability to all three self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, and to clarify the nature of their associations with traumatic experiences. Methods: Multivariate biometric modeling was conducted using data from 9526 twins [59% female, mean age = 31.7 years (range 24–42)] from two cohorts of the Australian Twin Registry, some of whom also participated in the Childhood Trauma Study and the Nicotine Addiction Genetics Project. Results: The prevalences of high-risk trauma exposure (HRT), NSSI, SI, and SA were 24.4, 5.6, 27.1, and 4.6%, respectively. All phenotypes were moderately to highly correlated. Genetic influences on self-injurious thoughts and behaviors and HRT were significant and highly correlated among men [rG = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.37–0.81)] and women [rG = 0.56 (0.49–0.63)]. Unique environmental influences were modestly correlated in women [rE = 0.23 (0.01–0.45)], suggesting that high-risk trauma may confer some direct risk for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors among females. Conclusions: Individuals engaging in NSSI are at increased risk for suicide, and common heritable factors contribute to these associations. Preventing trauma exposure may help to mitigate risk for self-harm and suicide, either directly or indirectly via reductions in liability to psychopathology more broadly. In addition, targeting pre-existing vulnerability factors could significantly reduce risk for life-threatening behaviors among those who have experienced trauma. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018

Author Keywords
High-risk trauma;  non-suicidal self-injury;  suicidal ideation;  suicide attempt;  twins

Document Type: Article in Press
Source: Scopus

"Piezo2 channel–Merkel cell signaling modulates the conversion of touch to itch" (2018) Science

Piezo2 channel–Merkel cell signaling modulates the conversion of touch to itch
(2018) Science, 360 (6388), pp. 530-533. Cited 1 time.

Feng, J.a , Luo, J.a , Yang, P.a , Du, J.b , Kim, B.S.a c d , Hu, H.a

a Department of Anesthesiology, Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
b Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
c Department of Dermatology, Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
d Deparment of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States

Abstract
The somatosensory system relays many signals ranging from light touch to pain and itch. Touch is critical to spatial awareness and communication. However, in disease states, innocuous mechanical stimuli can provoke pathologic sensations such as mechanical itch (alloknesis). The molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern this conversion remain unknown. We found that in mice, alloknesis in aging and dry skin is associated with a loss of Merkel cells, the touch receptors in the skin. Targeted genetic deletion of Merkel cells and associated mechanosensitive Piezo2 channels in the skin was sufficient to produce alloknesis. Chemogenetic activation of Merkel cells protected against alloknesis in dry skin. This study reveals a previously unknown function of the cutaneous touch receptors and may provide insight into the development of alloknesis. 2017 © The Authors, some rights reserved.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Evaluating the contributions of task expectancy in the testing and guessing benefits on recognition memory" (2018) Memory

Evaluating the contributions of task expectancy in the testing and guessing benefits on recognition memory
(2018) Memory, pp. 1-19. Article in Press. 

Huff, M.J.a , Yates, T.J.b , Balota, D.A.b

a Department of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
b Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Abstract
Recently, we have shown that two types of initial testing (recall of a list or guessing of critical items repeated over 12 study/test cycles) improved final recognition of related and unrelated word lists relative to restudy. These benefits were eliminated, however, when test instructions were manipulated within subjects and presented after study of each list, procedures designed to minimise expectancy of a specific type of upcoming test [Huff, Balota, & Hutchison, 2016. The costs and benefits of testing and guessing on recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 42, 1559–1572. doi:10.1037/xlm0000269], suggesting that testing and guessing effects may be influenced by encoding strategies specific for the type of upcoming task. We follow-up these experiments by examining test-expectancy processes in guessing and testing. Testing and guessing benefits over restudy were not found when test instructions were presented either after (Experiment 1) or before (Experiment 2) a single study/task cycle was completed, nor were benefits found when instructions were presented before study/task cycles and the task was repeated three times (Experiment 3). Testing and guessing benefits emerged only when instructions were presented before a study/task cycle and the task was repeated six times (Experiments 4A and 4B). These experiments demonstrate that initial testing and guessing can produce memory benefits in recognition, but only following substantial task repetitions which likely promote task-expectancy processes. © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Author Keywords
guessing;  recall;  recognition;  retrieval practice;  Test expectancy

Document Type: Article in Press
Source: Scopus

"NAD+ cellular redox and SIRT1 regulate the diurnal rhythms of tyrosine hydroxylase and conditioned cocaine reward" (2018) Molecular Psychiatry

NAD+ cellular redox and SIRT1 regulate the diurnal rhythms of tyrosine hydroxylase and conditioned cocaine reward
(2018) Molecular Psychiatry, pp. 1-17. Article in Press. 

Logan, R.W.a b c , Parekh, P.K.a b , Kaplan, G.N.a b , Becker-Krail, D.D.a b , Williams, W.P., IIIa , Yamaguchi, S.d , Yoshino, J.d , Shelton, M.A.a , Zhu, X.a b , Zhang, H.a e , Waplinger, S.a , Fitzgerald, E.a , Oliver-Smith, J.a , Sundarvelu, P.a , Enwright, J.F., IIIa , Huang, Y.H.a b , McClung, C.A.a b c

a Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
b Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
c Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
d Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
e School of Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Abstract
The diurnal regulation of dopamine is important for normal physiology and diseases such as addiction. Here we find a novel role for the CLOCK protein to antagonize CREB-mediated transcriptional activity at the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter, which is mediated by the interaction with the metabolic sensing protein, Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Additionally, we demonstrate that the transcriptional activity of TH is modulated by the cellular redox state, and daily rhythms of redox balance in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), along with TH transcription, are highly disrupted following chronic cocaine administration. Furthermore, CLOCK and SIRT1 are important for regulating cocaine reward and dopaminergic (DAergic) activity, with interesting differences depending on whether DAergic activity is in a heightened state and if there is a functional CLOCK protein. Taken together, we find that rhythms in cellular metabolism and circadian proteins work together to regulate dopamine synthesis and the reward value for drugs of abuse. © 2018 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature

Document Type: Article in Press
Source: Scopus

"White matter hyperintensities and the mediating role of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in dominantly-inherited Alzheimer’s disease" (2018) PLoS ONE

White matter hyperintensities and the mediating role of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in dominantly-inherited Alzheimer’s disease
(2018) PLoS ONE, 13 (5), art. no. e0195838, . 

Lee, S.a b , Zimmerman, M.E.c d , Narkhede, A.e , Nasrabady, S.E.a e , Tosto, G.e f , Meier, I.B.e , Benzinger, T.L.S.g , Marcus, D.S.g , Fagan, A.M.h , Fox, N.C.i , Cairns, N.J.j , Holtzman, D.M.h , Buckles, V.h , Ghetti, B.k , McDade, E.h , Martins, R.N.l , Saykin, A.J.m , Masters, C.L.n , Ringman, J.M.o , Fӧrster, S.p , Schofield, P.R.q , Sperling, R.A.r , Johnson, K.A.r , Chhatwal, J.P.r , Salloway, S.s , Correia, S.t , Jack, C.R.u , Weiner, M.v , Bateman, R.J.h , Morris, J.C.h , Mayeux, R.a e f w , Brickman, A.M.e f w

a Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc., New York, NY, United States
b Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
c Psychology Department, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, United States
d Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
e Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
f Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
g Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
h Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
i Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
j Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
k Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
l Centre of Excellence of Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
m Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center and Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
n Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
o Memory and Aging Center, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
p German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) München and Tübingen, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
q Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
r Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
s Butler Hospital, Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
t Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
u Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
v Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology, Medicine, and Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
w Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States

Abstract
Introduction White matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume on MRI is increased among presymptomatic individuals with autosomal dominant mutations for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). One potential explanation is that WMH, conventionally considered a marker of cerebrovascular disease, are a reflection of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and that increased WMH in this population is a manifestation of this vascular form of primary AD pathology. We examined whether the presence of cerebral microbleeds, a marker of CAA, mediates the relationship between WMH and estimated symptom onset in individuals with and without autosomal dominant mutations for AD. Participants and methods Participants (n = 175, mean age = 41.1 years) included 112 with an AD mutation and 63 first-degree non-carrier controls. We calculated the estimated years from expected symptom onset (EYO) and analyzed baseline MRI data for WMH volume and presence of cerebral microbleeds. Mixed effects regression and tests of mediation were used to examine microbleed and WMH differences between carriers and non-carriers and to test the whether the association between WMH and mutation status is dependent on the presence of microbleeds. Results Mutation carriers were more likely to have microbleeds than non-carriers (p<0.05) and individuals with microbleeds had higher WMH volume than those without (p<0.05). Total WMH volume was increased in mutation carriers compared with non-carriers, up to 20 years prior to EYO, after controlling for microbleed status, as we demonstrated previously. Formal testing of mediation demonstrated that 21% of the association between mutation status and WMH was mediated by presence of microbleeds (p = 0.03) but a significant direct effect of WMH remained (p = 0.02) after controlling for presence of microbleeds. Discussion Although there is some co-dependency between WMH and microbleeds, the observed increases in WMH among mutation carriers does not appear to be fully mediated by this marker of CAA. The findings highlight the possibility that WMH represent a core feature of AD independent of vascular forms of beta amyloid. © 2018 Lee et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Residual Symptoms after Treatment for Depression in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease" (2018) Psychosomatic Medicine

Residual Symptoms after Treatment for Depression in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease
(2018) Psychosomatic Medicine, 80 (4), pp. 385-392. 

Carney, R.M., Freedland, K.E., Steinmeyer, B.C., Rubin, E.H., Rich, M.W.

Departments of Psychiatry Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine St, 4320 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 301, Saint Louis, MO, United States

Abstract
Objective Depression is associated with an increased risk of mortality in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). The risk may be reduced in patients who remit with adequate treatment, but few patients achieve complete remission. The purpose of this study was to identify the symptoms that persist despite aggressive treatment for depression in patients with CHD. Methods One hundred twenty-five patients with stable CHD who met the DSM-IV criteria for a moderate-to-severe major depressive episode completed treatment with cognitive behavior therapy, either alone or combined with an antidepressant, for up to 16 weeks. Depression symptoms were assessed at baseline and after 16 weeks of treatment. Results The M (SD) Beck Depression Inventory scores were 30.0 (8.6) at baseline and 8.3 (7.5) at 16 weeks. Seventy seven (61%) of the participants who completed treatment met remission criteria (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ≤7) at 16 weeks. Loss of energy and fatigue were the most common posttreatment symptoms both in remitters (n = 44, 57%; n = 34, 44.2%) and nonremitters (n = 42, 87.5%; n = 35, 72.9%). These symptoms were not predicted by baseline depression severity, anxiety, demographic, or medical variables including inflammatory markers or cardiac functioning or by medical events during depression treatment. Conclusions Fatigue and loss of energy often persist in patients with CHD even after otherwise successful treatment for major depression. These residual symptoms may increase the risks of relapse and mortality. Development of effective interventions for these persistent symptoms is a priority for future research. © 2018 by the American Psychosomatic Society.

Author Keywords
Depressive disorder;  residual symptoms.;  treatment

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Five Popular Study Strategies: Their Pitfalls and Optimal Implementations" (2018) Perspectives on Psychological Science

Five Popular Study Strategies: Their Pitfalls and Optimal Implementations
(2018) Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13 (3), pp. 390-407. 

Miyatsu, T., Nguyen, K., McDaniel, M.A.

Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, United States

Abstract
Researchers’ and educators’ enthusiasm in applying cognitive principles to enhance educational practices has become more evident. Several published reviews have suggested that some potent strategies can help students learn more efficaciously. Unfortunately, for whatever reason, students do not report frequent reliance on these empirically supported techniques. In the present review, we take a novel approach, identifying study strategies for which students have strong preferences and assessing whether these preferred strategies have any merit given existing empirical evidence from the cognitive and educational literatures. Furthermore, we provide concrete recommendations for students, instructors, and psychologists. For students, we identify common pitfalls and tips for optimal implementation for each study strategy. For instructors, we provide recommendations for how they can assist students to more optimally implement these study strategies. For psychologists, we highlight promising avenues of research to help augment these study strategies. © 2018, © The Author(s) 2018.

Author Keywords
education;  self-regulated learning;  study strategies

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Adjusting after stroke: Changes in sense of purpose in life and the role of social support, relationship strain, and time" (2018) Journal of Health Psychology

Adjusting after stroke: Changes in sense of purpose in life and the role of social support, relationship strain, and time
(2018) Journal of Health Psychology, . Article in Press. 

Lewis, N.A.a b , Brazeau, H.b , Hill, P.L.c

a University of Victoria, Canada
b Carleton University, Canada
c Washington University in St. Louis, USA

Abstract
It is unclear how the onset of a major health condition, such as a stroke, may impact sense of purpose long-term and whether social factors influence this change. We examined changes in purpose in 716 stroke patients (Mage = 72.09 years, 52.5% female) who participated in the Health and Retirement Study between 2006 and 2014. Multilevel growth modeling indicated that recent stroke patients’ sense of purpose declined over time relative to pre-stroke purpose, whereas those suffering stroke prior to baseline demonstrated relative stability. Furthermore, social support was associated with initial levels but not change in sense of purpose. © 2018, The Author(s) 2018.

Author Keywords
longitudinal;  purpose in life;  relationship strain;  social support;  stroke

Document Type: Article in Press
Source: Scopus

"Shyness and Trajectories of Functional Network Connectivity Over Early Adolescence" (2018) Child Development

Shyness and Trajectories of Functional Network Connectivity Over Early Adolescence
(2018) Child Development, 89 (3), pp. 734-745. Cited 1 time.

Sylvester, C.M., Whalen, D.J., Belden, A.C., Sanchez, S.L., Luby, J.L., Barch, D.M.

Washington University School of Medicine, United States

Abstract
High shyness during early adolescence is associated with impaired peer relationships and risk for psychiatric disorders. Little is known, however, about the relation between shyness and trajectories of brain development over early adolescence. The current study longitudinally examined trajectories of resting-state functional connectivity (rs-fc) within four brain networks in 147 adolescents. Subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging at three different time points, at average ages 10.5 (range = 7.8–13.0), 11.7 (range = 9.3–14.1), and 12.9 years (range = 10.1–15.2). Multilevel linear modeling indicated that high shyness was associated with a less steep negative slope of default mode network (DMN) rs-fc over early adolescence relative to low shyness. Less steep decreases in DMN rs-fc may relate to increased self-focus in adolescents with high shyness. © 2017 The Authors. Child Development © 2017 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Standard dose and dose-escalated radiation therapy are associated with favorable survival in select elderly patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma" (2018) Journal of Neuro-Oncology

Standard dose and dose-escalated radiation therapy are associated with favorable survival in select elderly patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma
(2018) Journal of Neuro-Oncology, 138 (1), pp. 155-162. 

Jackson, W.C.a , Tsien, C.I.b , Junck, L.c , Leung, D.c , Hervey-Jumper, S.d , Orringer, D.d , Heth, J.d , Wahl, D.R.a , Spratt, D.E.a , Cao, Y.a , Lawrence, T.S.a , Kim, M.M.a

a Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, United States
b Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
c Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
d Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

Abstract
We hypothesized elderly patients with good Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) treated with standard dose or dose-escalated radiation therapy (SDRT/DERT) and concurrent temozolomide (TMZ) would have favorable overall survival (OS) compared to historical elderly patients treated with hypofractionated RT (HFRT). From 2004 to 2015, 66 patients age ≥ 60 with newly diagnosed, pathologically proven glioblastoma were treated with SDRT/DERT over 30 fractions with concurrent/adjuvant TMZ at a single institution. Kaplan–Meier methods and the log-rank test were used to assess OS and progression-free survival (PFS). Multivariate analysis (MVA) was performed using Cox Proportional-Hazards. Median follow-up was 12.6 months. Doses ranged from 60 to 81 Gy (median 66). Median KPS was 90 (range 60–100) and median age was 67 years (range 60–81), with 29 patients ≥ 70 years old. 32% underwent gross total resection (GTR). MGMT status was known in 28%, 42% of whom were methylated. Median PFS was 8.3 months (95% CI 6.9–11.0) and OS was 12.7 months (95% CI 9.7–14.1). Patients age ≥ 70 with KPS ≥ 90 had a median OS of 12.4 months. Median OS was 27.1 months for MGMT methylated patients. On MVA controlling for age, dose, KPS, MGMT, GTR, and adjuvant TMZ, younger age (HR 0.9, 95% CI 0.8–0.9, p < 0.01), MGMT methylation (HR:0.2, 95% CI 0.1–0.7, p = 0.01), and GTR (HR:0.5, 95% CI 0.3–0.9, p = 0.01) were associated with improved OS. Our findings do not support routine use of a standard 6-week course of radiation therapy in elderly patients with glioblastoma. However, a select group of elderly patients with excellent performance status and MGMT methylation or GTR may experience favorable survival with a standard 6-week course of treatment. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Author Keywords
Dose and fractionation;  Elderly;  Glioblastoma;  Outcomes;  Radiation

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Targeting of nonlipidated, aggregated apoE with antibodies inhibits amyloid accumulation" (2018) Journal of Clinical Investigation

Targeting of nonlipidated, aggregated apoE with antibodies inhibits amyloid accumulation
(2018) Journal of Clinical Investigation, 128 (5), pp. 2144-2155. Cited 1 time.

Liao, F.d , Li, A.d , Xiong, M.d , Bien-Ly, N.a , Jiang, H.d , Zhang, Y.a , Finn, M.B.d , Hoyle, R.d , Keyser, J.d , Lefton, K.B.d , Robinson, G.O.d , Serrano, J.R.d , Silverman, A.P.a , Guo, J.L.a , Getz, J.a , Henne, K.a , Leyns, C.E.G.d , Gallardo, G.d , Ulrich, J.D.d , Sullivan, P.M.b , Lerner, E.P.c , Hudry, E.c , Sweeney, Z.K.a , Dennis, M.S.a , Hyman, B.T.c , Watts, R.J.a , Holtzman, D.M.d

a Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
b Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
c MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
d Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University, School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, United States

Abstract
The apolipoprotein E E4 allele of the APOE gene is the strongest genetic factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD). There is compelling evidence that apoE influences Alzheimer disease (AD) in large part by affecting amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and clearance; however, the molecular mechanism underlying these findings remains largely unknown. Herein, we tested whether anti-human apoE antibodies can decrease Aβ pathology in mice producing both human Aβ and apoE4, and investigated the mechanism underlying these effects. We utilized APPPS1-21 mice crossed to apoE4-knockin mice expressing human apoE4 (APPPS1-21/APOE4). We discovered an anti-human apoE antibody, anti-human apoE 4 (HAE-4), that specifically recognizes human apoE4 and apoE3 and preferentially binds nonlipidated, aggregated apoE over the lipidated apoE found in circulation. HAE-4 also binds to apoE in amyloid plaques in unfixed brain sections and in living APPPS1-21/APOE4 mice. When delivered centrally or by peripheral injection, HAE-4 reduced Aβ deposition in APPPS1-21/APOE4 mice. Using adeno-associated virus to express 2 different full-length anti-apoE antibodies in the brain, we found that HAE antibodies decreased amyloid accumulation, which was dependent on Fcγ receptor function. These data support the hypothesis that a primary mechanism for apoE-mediated plaque formation may be a result of apoE aggregation, as preferentially targeting apoE aggregates with therapeutic antibodies reduces Aβ pathology and may represent a selective approach to treat AD. © 2018 Academic Press. All rights reserved.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD): Review and update for clinical neurologists" (2018) Current Alzheimer Research

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD): Review and update for clinical neurologists
(2018) Current Alzheimer Research, 15 (6), pp. 511-530. 

Hernández, I.a , Fernández, M.-V.b , Tàrraga, L.a , Boada, M.a , Ruiz, A.a

a Fundacio ACE, Memory Unit, Av Carlos III, 85 bis, Barcelona, Spain
b Washington University, Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States

Abstract
Background: Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) is a heterogeneous group of disorders and the second most frequent cause of early onset dementia making it the highest number of inherited cases. Review Summary: FTD is characterized by considerable variability in clinical, genetic and histopathologic features. Patients may present symptoms ranging from behavioural disturbances to different language disorders, with or without motor neuron disorders or associated parkinsonism. Atrophy in frontal and temporal lobes is the most relevant radiological finding. In the last 10 years, the knowledge of this clinical entity has undergone remarkable changes both genetically and histopathologically, which have served to establish more consistent clinical criteria. Until now, 10 genes causative of FTLD have been described and up to four different proteins causative of atrophy have been detected in aggregates. Conclusion: This review is mostly addressed to clinicians and aims to provide basic knowledge of these neurodegenerative disorders and clarify the complex FTD scenario. © 2018 Bentham Science Publishers.

Author Keywords
FTLD;  Genotypes;  Neurologist;  Phenotypes;  Proteotypes;  Review

Document Type: Review
Source: Scopus

"Combination anti-Aß treatment maximizes cognitive recovery and rebalances mTOR signaling in APP mice" (2018) Journal of Experimental Medicine

Combination anti-Aß treatment maximizes cognitive recovery and rebalances mTOR signaling in APP mice
(2018) Journal of Experimental Medicine, 215 (5), pp. 1349-1364. 

Chiang, A.C.A.a , Fowler, S.W.a , Savjani, R.R.b , Hilsenbeck, S.G.c , Wallace, C.E.d , Cirrito, J.R.d , Das, P.e , Jankowsky, J.L.a f

a Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
b Texas A and M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States
c Department of Medicine, Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
d Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
e Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
f Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States

Abstract
Drug development for Alzheimer’s disease has endeavored to lower amyloid ß (Aß) by either blocking production or promoting clearance. The benefit of combining these approaches has been examined in mouse models and shown to improve pathological measures of disease over single treatment; however, the impact on cellular and cognitive functions affected by Aß has not been tested. We used a controllable APP transgenic mouse model to test whether combining genetic suppression of Aß production with passive anti-Aß immunization improved functional outcomes over either treatment alone. Compared with behavior before treatment, arresting further Aß production (but not passive immunization) was sufficient to stop further decline in spatial learning, working memory, and associative memory, whereas combination treatment reversed each of these impairments. Cognitive improvement coincided with resolution of neuritic dystrophy, restoration of synaptic density surrounding deposits, and reduction of hyperactive mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. Computational modeling corroborated by in vivo microdialysis pointed to the reduction of soluble/exchangeable Aß as the primary driver of cognitive recovery. © 2018 Chiang et al.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Genome-wide association study identifies a novel locus for cannabis dependence" (2018) Molecular Psychiatry

Genome-wide association study identifies a novel locus for cannabis dependence
(2018) Molecular Psychiatry, 23 (5), pp. 1293-1302. 

Agrawal, A.a , Chou, Y.-L.a , Carey, C.E.b , Baranger, D.A.A.b , Zhang, B.c , Sherva, R.d , Wetherill, L.e , Kapoor, M.f , Wang, J.-C.f , Bertelsen, S.f , Anokhin, A.P.a , Hesselbrock, V.g , Kramer, J.h , Lynskey, M.T.i , Meyers, J.L.j , Nurnberger, J.I.e k l , Rice, J.P.a , Tischfield, J.m , Bierut, L.J.a , Degenhardt, L.n , Farrer, L.A.d , Gelernter, J.o p , Hariri, A.R.q , Heath, A.C.a , Kranzler, H.R.r , Madden, P.A.F.a , Martin, N.G.s , Montgomery, G.W.t , Porjesz, B.j , Wang, T.u , Whitfield, J.B.s , Edenberg, H.J.e v , Foroud, T.e , Goate, A.M.f , Bogdan, R.b , Nelson, E.C.a

a Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, CB 8134, St Louis, MO, United States
b Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
c Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
d Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
e Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
f Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
g Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States
h Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
i King’s College London, Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
j Downstate Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States
k Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
l Stark Neuroscience Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
m Rutgers, Department of Genetics, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
n National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
o Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States
p US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, United States
q Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
r Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, VISN 4 MIRECC, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, United States
s QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
t Nstitute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
u Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
v Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States

Abstract
Despite moderate heritability, only one study has identified genome-wide significant loci for cannabis-related phenotypes. We conducted meta-analyses of genome-wide association study data on 2080 cannabis-dependent cases and 6435 cannabis-exposed controls of European descent. A cluster of correlated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a novel region on chromosome 10 was genome-wide significant (lowest P=1.3E-8). Among the SNPs, rs1409568 showed enrichment for H3K4me1 and H3K427ac marks, suggesting its role as an enhancer in addiction-relevant brain regions, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the angular and cingulate gyri. This SNP is also predicted to modify binding scores for several transcription factors. We found modest evidence for replication for rs1409568 in an independent cohort of African American (896 cases and 1591 controls; P=0.03) but not European American (EA; 781 cases and 1905 controls) participants. The combined meta-analysis (3757 cases and 9931 controls) indicated trend-level significance for rs1409568 (P=2.85E-7). No genome-wide significant loci emerged for cannabis dependence criterion count (n=8050). There was also evidence that the minor allele of rs1409568 was associated with a 2.1% increase in right hippocampal volume in an independent sample of 430 EA college students (fwe-P=0.008). The identification and characterization of genome-wide significant loci for cannabis dependence is among the first steps toward understanding the biological contributions to the etiology of this psychiatric disorder, which appears to be rising in some developed nations. © The Author(s) 2018.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Dual therapy for Aß amyloidosis in AD: A successful one-two combo" (2018) Journal of Experimental Medicine

Dual therapy for Aß amyloidosis in AD: A successful one-two combo
(2018) Journal of Experimental Medicine, 215 (5), pp. 1267-1268. 

Patel, T.K., Holtzman, D.M.

Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States

Abstract
In this issue, Chiang et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20171484) make a notable contribution to Alzheimer disease (AD) therapeutics in a thorough and rigorous study demonstrating superior efficacy of dual therapy against Aß in a mouse model of amyloid ß deposition. © 2018 Patel and Holtzman.

Document Type: Note
Source: Scopus

"Physical therapy and deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's Disease: Protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial" (2018) Pilot and Feasibility Studies

Physical therapy and deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease: Protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial
(2018) Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 4 (1), art. no. 54, . 

Duncan, R.P.a b , Van Dillen, L.R.a c , Garbutt, J.M.d e , Earhart, G.M.a b f , Perlmutter, J.S.a b f g h

a Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Program in Physical Therapy, Campus Box 8502, 4444 Forest Park Blvd, St. Louis, MO, United States
b Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Department of Neurology, St. Louis, MO, United States
c Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Louis, MO, United States
d Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
e Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis, MO, United States
f Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Department of Neuroscience, St. Louis, MO, United States
g Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, MO, United States
h Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Program in Occupational Therapy, St. Louis, MO, United States

Abstract
Background: Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) reduces tremor, muscle stiffness, and bradykinesia in people with Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Walking speed, known to be reduced in PD, typically improves after surgery; however, other important aspects of gait may not improve. Furthermore, balance may worsen and falls may increase after STN-DBS. Thus, interventions to improve balance and gait could reduce morbidity and improve quality of life following STN-DBS. Physical therapy (PT) effectively improves balance and gait in people with PD, but studies on the effects of PT have not been extended to those treated with STN-DBS. As such, the efficacy, safety, and feasibility of PT in this population remain to be determined. The purpose of this pilot study is to address these unmet needs. We hypothesize that PT designed to target balance and gait impairment will be effective, safe, and feasible in this population. Methods/design: Participants with PD treated with STN-DBS will be randomly assigned to either a PT or control group. Participants assigned to PT will complete an 8-week, twice-weekly PT program consisting of exercises designed to improve balance and gait. Control group participants will receive the current standard of care following STN-DBS, which does not include prescription of PT. The primary aim is to assess preliminary efficacy of PT on balance (Balance Evaluation Systems Test). A secondary aim is to assess efficacy of PT on gait (GAITRite instrumented walkway). Participants will be assessed OFF medication/OFF stimulation and ON medication/ON stimulation at baseline and at 8 and 12 weeks after baseline. Adverse events will be measured over the duration of the study, and adherence to PT will be measured to determine feasibility. Discussion: To our knowledge, this will be the first study to explore the preliminary efficacy, safety, and feasibility of PT for individuals with PD with STN-DBS. If the study suggests potential efficacy, then this would justify larger trials to test effectiveness and safety of PT for those with PD with STN-DBS. © 2018 The Author(s).

Author Keywords
Balance;  Deep brain stimulation;  Gait;  Parkinson’s disease;  Physical therapy

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Reinfection after treatment of first cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection: A prospective observational cohort study" (2018) Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics

Reinfection after treatment of first cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection: A prospective observational cohort study
(2018) Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 21 (4), pp. 346-358. 

Simon, T.D.a c , Kronman, M.P.a c , Whitlock, K.B.c , Gove, N.E.c , Mayer-Hamblett, N.a c , Browd, S.R.b , Cochrane, D.D.d , Holubkov, R.e , Kulkarni, A.V.d , Langley, M.f , Limbrick, D.D.g , Luerssen, T.G.h , Oakes, W.J.i , Riva-Cambrin, J.j , Rozzelle, C.i , Shannon, C.k , Tamber, M.l , Wellons, J.C.k , Whitehead, W.E.h , Kestle, J.R.W.f

a Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
b Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
c Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
d Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
e Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
f Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Primary Children’s Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
g Department of Neurosurgery, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
h Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Texas Children’s Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
i Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children’s of Alabama, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
j Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
k Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
l Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of PittsburghPA, United States

Abstract
OBJECTIVE CSF shunt infection requires both surgical and antibiotic treatment. Surgical treatment includes either total shunt removal with external ventricular drain (EVD) placement followed by new shunt insertion, or distal shunt externalization followed by new shunt insertion once the CSF is sterile. Antibiotic treatment includes the administration of intravenous antibiotics. The Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network (HCRN) registry provides a unique opportunity to understand reinfection following treatment for CSF shunt infection. This study examines the association of surgical and antibiotic decisions in the treatment of first CSF shunt infection with reinfection. METHODS A prospective cohort study of children undergoing treatment for first CSF infection at 7 HCRN hospitals from April 2008 to December 2012 was performed. The HCRN consensus definition was used to define CSF shunt infection and reinfection. The key surgical predictor variable was surgical approach to treatment for CSF shunt infection, and the key antibiotic treatment predictor variable was intravenous antibiotic selection and duration. Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to address the time-varying nature of the characteristics associated with shunt surgeries. RESULTS Of 233 children in the HCRN registry with an initial CSF shunt infection during the study period, 38 patients (16%) developed reinfection over a median time of 44 days (interquartile range [IQR] 19–437). The majority of initial CSF shunt infections were treated with total shunt removal and EVD placement (175 patients; 75%). The median time between infection surgeries was 15 days (IQR 10–22). For the subset of 172 infections diagnosed by CSF culture, the mean ± SD duration of antibiotic treatment was 18.7 ± 12.8 days. In all Cox proportional hazards models, neither surgical approach to infection treatment nor overall intravenous antibiotic duration was independently associated with reinfection. The only treatment decision independently associated with decreased infection risk was the use of rifampin. While this finding did not achieve statistical significance, in all 5 Cox proportional hazards models both surgical approach (other than total shunt removal at initial CSF shunt infection) and nonventriculoperitoneal shunt location were consistently associated with a higher hazard of reinfection, while the use of ultrasound was consistently associated with a lower hazard of reinfection. CONCLUSIONS Neither surgical approach to treatment nor antibiotic duration was associated with reinfection risk. While these findings did not achieve statistical significance, surgical approach other than total removal at initial CSF shunt infection was consistently associated with a higher hazard of reinfection in this study and suggests the feasibility of controlling and standardizing the surgical approach (shunt removal with EVD placement). Considerably more variation and equipoise exists in the duration and selection of intravenous antibiotic treatment. Further consideration should be given to the use of rifampin in the treatment of CSF shunt infection. High-quality studies of the optimal duration of antibiotic treatment are critical to the creation of evidence-based guidelines for CSF shunt infection treatment. © AANS 2018.

Author Keywords
Antibiotic;  Cerebrospinal;  Hydrocephalus;  Infection;  Reinfection;  Shunt;  Treatment

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Longitudinal associations of explosive and adventurous temperament profiles with character development: The modifying effects of social support and attachment" (2018) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

Longitudinal associations of explosive and adventurous temperament profiles with character development: The modifying effects of social support and attachment
(2018) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 79 (2), art. no. 17m11587, . 

Saarinen, A.I.L.a , Rosenström, T.H.a , Hakulinen, C.A.a , Cloninger, C.R.b , Hintsanen, M.H.M.c , Pulkki-Råback, L.M.d , Lehtimäki, T.e , Raitakari, O.T.f , Keltikangas-Järvinen, L.a

a Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 9, Helsinki, Finland
b Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, United States
c Research Unit of Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
d Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
e Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
f Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to examine (a) whether adventurous and explosive temperament profiles (presumed precursors of antisocial and borderline personality) are associated with character traits over a 15-year follow-up and (b) whether social support and attachment security modify the relationship between temperament profiles and character development. Methods: 2,028 subjects of the Young Finns study completed the Temperament and Character Inventory, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Relationship Questionnaire at 3 assessment points between 1997 and 2012. Results: Both explosive and adventurous temperament profiles seemed to predispose individuals to have less mature personalities; that is, these profiles were consistently associated with lower cooperativeness (P <.001), and explosive temperament also with lower self-directedness (P <.001), over the entire follow-up period. These relationships did not vary significantly at the individual level and were sustained after controlling for age, gender, and socioeconomic status. However, the presence of high social support and secure attachment was found to decrease the likelihood that explosive temperament would lead to an immature adulthood character (P <.001). In contrast, persons with the adventurous temperament were likely to have a more mature character under low social support and an immature one under high experienced social support (P <.05). Conclusions: Individuals with the explosive temperament benefit from high social support and secure attachment. From the point of view of the therapy process, this knowledge might be of importance. In contrast, individuals with the adventurous temperament were able to direct their behavior better in social environments that were not likely to support their basic temperaments. © 2018 Copyright Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 (mGluR2/3) activation suppresses TRPV1 sensitization in mouse, but not human, sensory neurons" (2018) eNeuro

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 (mGluR2/3) activation suppresses TRPV1 sensitization in mouse, but not human, sensory neurons
(2018) eNeuro, 5 (2), art. no. e0412-17.2018, . 

Sheahan, T.D.a b , Valtcheva, M.V.a b , McIlvried, L.A.a , Pullen, M.Y.a , Baranger, D.A.A.b c , Gereau, R.W., IVa

a Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
b Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
c BRAIN Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States

Abstract
The use of human tissue to validate putative analgesic targets identified in rodents is a promising strategy for improving the historically poor translational record of preclinical pain research. We recently demonstrated that in mouse and human sensory neurons, agonists for metabotropic glutamate receptors 2 and 3 (mGluR2/3) reduce membrane hyperexcitability produced by the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Previous rodent studies indicate that mGluR2/3 can also reduce peripheral sensitization by suppressing inflammation-induced sensitization of TRPV1. Whether this observation similarly translates to human sensory neurons has not yet been tested. We found that activation of mGluR2/3 with the agonist APDC suppressed PGE2-induced sensitization of TRPV1 in mouse, but not human, sensory neurons. We also evaluated sensory neuron expression of the gene transcripts for mGluR2 (Grm2), mGluR3 (Grm3), and TRPV1 (Trpv1). The majority of Trpv1+ mouse and human sensory neurons expressed Grm2 and/or Grm3, and in both mice and humans, Grm2 was expressed in a greater percentage of sensory neurons than Grm3. Although we demonstrated a functional difference in the modulation of TRPV1 sensitization by mGluR2/3 activation between mouse and human, there were no species differences in the gene transcript colocalization of mGluR2 or mGluR3 with TRPV1 that might explain this functional difference. Taken together with our previous work, these results suggest that mGluR2/3 activation suppresses only some aspects of human sensory neuron sensitization caused by PGE2. These differences have implications for potential healthy human voluntary studies or clinical trials evaluating the analgesic efficacy of mGluR2/3 agonists or positive allosteric modulators. © 2018 Sheahan et al.

Author Keywords
Dorsal root ganglia;  Glutamate;  Human neurons;  Metabotropic;  Nociceptors;  Pain

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Effects of exercise on gait and motor imagery in people with Parkinson disease and freezing of gait" (2018) Parkinsonism and Related Disorders

Effects of exercise on gait and motor imagery in people with Parkinson disease and freezing of gait
(2018) Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, . Article in Press. 

Myers, P.S.a , McNeely, M.E.a b , Pickett, K.A.d , Duncan, R.P.a b , Earhart, G.M.a b c

a Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Campus Box 8502, 4444 Forest Park Blvd, Suite 11101, St. Louis, MO, United States
b Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Campus Box 8111, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, MO, United States
c Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Campus Box 8108, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, MO, United States
d Occupational Therapy Program, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin- Madison School of Education, Unit II Gym, 2000 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, United States

Abstract
Introduction: Exercise improves gait in Parkinson disease (PD), but whether exercise differentially affects people with PD with (freezers) and without freezing of gait (non-freezers) remains unclear. This study examines exercise’s effects on gait performance, neural correlates related to these effects, and potential neural activation differences between freezers and non-freezers during motor imagery (MI) of gait. Methods: Thirty-seven participants from a larger exercise intervention completed behavioral assessments and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans before and after a 12-week exercise intervention. Gait performance was characterized using gait velocity and stride length, and a region of interest (ROI) fMRI analysis examined task-based blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal changes of the somatomotor network (SMN) during MI of forward (IMG-FWD) and backward (IMG-BWD) gait. Results: Velocity (F(1,34) = 55.04, p < 0.001) and stride length (F(1,34) = 77.58, p < 0.001) were significantly lower for backward versus forward walking in all participants. The ROI analysis showed freezers had lower BOLD signal compared to non-freezers in the cerebellum (F(1,32) = 7.01, p = 0.01), primary motor (left: F(1,32) = 7.09, p = 0.01; right: F(1,32) = 7.45, p = 0.01), and primary sensory (left: F(1,32) = 9.59, p = 0.004; right: F(1,32) = 8.18, p = 0.007) cortices during IMG-BWD only. The evidence suggests the exercise intervention did not affect gait or BOLD signal during MI. Conclusion: While all participants had significantly slower and shorter backward velocity and stride length, respectively, the exercise intervention had no effect. Similarly, BOLD signal during MI did not change with exercise; however, freezers had significantly lower BOLD signal during IMG-BWD compared to non-freezers. This suggests potential decreased recruitment of the SMN during MI of gait in freezers. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

Author Keywords
Cerebellum;  Freezing of gait;  Neuroimaging;  Parkinson disease

Document Type: Article in Press
Source: Scopus

"MicroRNA signature of central nervous system-infiltrating dendritic cells in an animal model of multiple sclerosis" (2018) Immunology

MicroRNA signature of central nervous system-infiltrating dendritic cells in an animal model of multiple sclerosis
(2018) Immunology, . Article in Press. 

Hoye, M.L.a , Archambault, A.S.a , Gordon, T.M.a , Oetjen, L.K.b , Cain, M.D.b , Klein, R.S.b c , Crosby, S.D.d , Kim, B.S.b e f , Miller, T.M.a c , Wu, G.F.a c e

a Department of Neurology Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, MOUSA
b Department of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, MOUSA
c The Hope Center for Neurological Disorders Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, MOUSA
d Genome Technology Access Center Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, MOUSA
e Department of Immunology and Pathology Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, MOUSA
f Center for the Study of Itch Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, MO USA

Abstract
Innate immune cells are integral to the pathogenesis of several diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis (MS). Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells that are critical regulators of adaptive immune responses, particularly in autoimmune diseases such as MS. The regulation of DC function in both the periphery and CNS compartment has not been fully elucidated. One limitation to studying the role of CD11c+ DCs in the CNS is that microglia can upregulate CD11c during inflammation, making it challenging to distinguish bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from microglia. Selective expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been shown to distinguish populations of innate cells and regulate their function within the CNS during neuro-inflammation. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) murine model of MS, we characterized the expression of miRNAs in CD11c+ cells using a non-biased murine array. Several miRNAs, including miR-31, were enriched in CD11c+ cells within the CNS during EAE, but not LysM+ microglia. Moreover, to distinguish CD11c+ DCs from microglia that upregulate CD11c, we generated bone marrow chimeras and found that miR-31 expression was specific to BMDCs. Interestingly, miR-31-binding sites were enriched in mRNAs downregulated in BMDCs that migrated into the CNS, and a subset was confirmed to be regulated by miR-31. Finally, miR-31 was elevated in DCs migrating through an in vitro blood-brain barrier. Our findings suggest miRNAs, including miR-31, may regulate entry of DCs into the CNS during EAE, and could potentially represent therapeutic targets for CNS autoimmune diseases such as MS. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Author Keywords
Dendritic cells;  MicroRNAs;  Multiple sclerosis;  Neuroinflammation

Document Type: Article in Press
Source: Scopus

"Improving mental health among ultra-poor children: Two-year outcomes of a cluster-randomized trial in Burkina Faso" (2018) Social Science and Medicine

Improving mental health among ultra-poor children: Two-year outcomes of a cluster-randomized trial in Burkina Faso
(2018) Social Science and Medicine, . Article in Press. 

Ismayilova, L.a , Karimli, L.b , Sanson, J.c , Gaveras, E.d , Nanema, R.e , Tô-Camier, A.e , Chaffin, J.f

a The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
b The University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
c Trickle Up, New York, United States
d Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States
e Trickle Up, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
f Women’s Refugee Committee, New York, United States

Abstract
Rationale: There is limited evidence about interventions improving child mental health in francophone West Africa. Behavioral mental health interventions alone may have limited effects on children’s emotional well-being in families living in abject poverty, especially in low-income countries. Objective: This study tests the effects of economic intervention, alone and in combination with a family-focused component, on the mental health of children from ultra-poor households in rural Burkina Faso. Methods: The three-arm cluster randomized trial included children in the age range of 10–15 years old (N = 360), from twelve villages in Nord region of Burkina Faso (ClinicalTrial.gov ID: NCT02415933). Villages were randomized (4 villages/120 households per arm) to the waitlist arm, the economic intervention utilizing the Graduation approach (Trickle Up/TU arm), or to the economic strengthening plus family coaching component (TU + arm). Intervention effects were tested using repeated-measures mixed-effects regressions that account for the clustered nature of the data. Results: Children from the TU + arm showed a reduction in depressive symptoms at 12 months (medium effect size Cohen’s d = −0.41, p =.001) and 24 months (d = −0.39, p =.025), compared to the control condition and the economic intervention alone (at 12 months d = −0.22, p =.020). Small effect size improvements in self-esteem were detected in the TU + group, compared to the control arm at 12 months (d = 0.21) and to the TU arm at 24 months (d = 0.21). Trauma symptoms significantly reduced in the TU + group at 12 months (Incidence Risk Ratio/IRR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.41, 0.92, p =.042), compared to the control group. Conclusion: Integrating psychosocial intervention involving all family members with economic empowerment strategies may be an innovative approach for improving emotional well-being among children living in extreme poverty. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

Author Keywords
Child;  Depression;  Graduation approach;  Low-income population;  Prevention;  Trauma

Document Type: Article in Press
Source: Scopus

"Role of sirtuins in retinal function under basal conditions" (2018) Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Role of sirtuins in retinal function under basal conditions
(2018) Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1074, pp. 561-567. 

Lin, J.B.a b , Kubota, S.a , Mostoslavsky, R.c , Apte, R.S.a d e

a Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
b Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
c Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
d Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
e Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States

Abstract
Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent enzymes that govern cellular homeostasis by regulating the acylation status of their diverse target proteins. We recently demonstrated that both rod and cone photoreceptors rely on NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis to meet their energetic requirements. Moreover, we found that this NAD+-dependent retinal homeostasis relies, in part, on maintenance of optimal activity of the mitochondrial sirtuins and of SIRT3 in particular. Nonetheless, it is unknown whether other sirtuin family members also play important roles in retinal homeostasis. Our results suggest that SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT4, and SIRT6 are dispensable for retinal survival at baseline, as individual deletion of each of these sirtuins does not cause retinal degeneration by fundus biomicroscopy or retinal dysfunction by ERG. These findings have significant implications and inform future studies investigating the mechanisms underlying the central role of NAD+ biosynthesis in retinal survival and function. © 2018, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature.

Author Keywords
NAD+;  Neurodegeneration;  Photoreceptors;  Retina;  Retinal degeneration;  Sirtuins

Document Type: Book Chapter
Source: Scopus

"Childhood trauma is associated with poorer cognitive performance in older adults" (2018) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

Childhood trauma is associated with poorer cognitive performance in older adults
(2018) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 79 (1), art. no. 16m11021, . 

Petkus, A.J.a , Lenze, E.J.b , Butters, M.A.c , Twamley, E.W.d e , Wetherell, J.L.e f

a Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1520 San Pablo St, Ste 3000, Los Angeles, CA, United States
b Healthy Mind Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, United States
c Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
d Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
e Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
f VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States

Abstract
Objective: Childhood trauma is common and associated with both worse cognitive performance and disruption to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in younger adults. The extent to which these associations persist into older adulthood remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate self-reported childhood trauma in relation to cognitive performance, and the extent to which cortisol explained this association, in 2 independent samples of older adults. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants in the discovery sample (N = 76) consisted of older adults with a DSM-IV diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (N = 57) and age-equated psychiatrically healthy comparison subjects (N = 19) who were referred largely through primary care clinics between 2004-2006. The replication sample (N = 48) consisted of older adults with DSM-IV anxiety or depressive disorders recruited between 2012-2013. Participants were administered the Early Trauma Inventory Self-Report-Short Form and a neuropsychological assessment (primary outcome). Results: Across both samples, childhood trauma was significantly associated with worse performance on measures of processing speed, attention, and executive functioning. The effect of trauma exposure was stronger when general, physical, and sexual traumatic events were examined specifically (all P < .05). Childhood trauma was not associated with cortisol levels, and cortisol did not explain the association between trauma and cognitive functioning. Conclusions: Self-reported traumatic events experienced in childhood are associated with poorer cognitive performance in anxious and depressed older adults. Findings demonstrate a deleterious impact of childhood trauma on brain health in old age. © Copyright 2017 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"Do Changes in Sensory Processing Precede Low Back Pain Development in Healthy Individuals?" (2018) Clinical Journal of Pain

Do Changes in Sensory Processing Precede Low Back Pain Development in Healthy Individuals?
(2018) Clinical Journal of Pain, 34 (6), pp. 525-531. 

Hwang, C.-T.a , Van Dillen, L.R.a , Haroutounian, S.b

a Program in Physical Therapy, Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
b Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO, United States

Abstract
Objectives: Low back pain (LBP) is the most commonly reported chronic pain condition. In this study, a clinically relevant, induced- LBP paradigm was used to study sensory processing as a risk factor and predictor for LBP development in healthy people. Our aim was to examine sensory processing in those who do develop LBP and those who do not develop LBP with the paradigm, and to examine the relationships between scores on psychosocial questionnaires and sensory processing measures in these healthy people. Methods: A total of 71 participants completed the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and then took part in quantitative sensory testing. An induced-LBP paradigm, where participants stand for 2 hours and rate their low back symptoms over time, was used to classify participants as those who did develop LBP and those who did not develop LBP. Results: No differences in sensory processing were identified between those who did develop LBP and those who did not develop LBP (Ps>0.05). Scores for the PCS and HADS were similar between the groups (Ps>0.05). Small significant relationships between PCS scores and cold detection and cold pain thresholds were found (rs=0.23 to 0.31; Ps<0.05) and between the pressure pain thresholds at the thenar eminence and paraspinals (r=0.53; P<0.01). Discussion: These results provide evidence that altered sensory processing was not present in healthy people and thus is not a risk factor for development of LBP in standing. Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Author Keywords
Inducedpain paradigm;  Low back pain;  Prolonged standing;  Quantitative sensory testing

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

"The Microglial Response to Neurodegenerative Disease" (2018) Advances in Immunology

The Microglial Response to Neurodegenerative Disease
(2018) Advances in Immunology, . Article in Press. 

Song, W.M., Colonna, M.

Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States

Abstract
Microglia are a subset of tissue macrophages that constitute the major immune cell type of the central nervous system. These cells have long been known to change their morphology and functions in response to various neurological insults. Recently, a plethora of unbiased transcriptomics studies have revealed that across a broad spectrum of neurodegeneration-like disease models, microglia adopt a similar activation signature and perform similar functions. Despite these commonalities in response, the role of microglia has been described as both positive and negative in different murine disease models. In humans, genetic association studies have revealed strong connections between microglia genes and various neurodegenerative diseases, and mechanistic investigations of these mutations have added another layer of complexity. Here, we provide an overview of studies that have built a case for a common microglial response to neurodegeneration and discuss pathways that may be important to initiate and sustain this response; delineate the multifaceted functions of activated microglia spanning different diseases; and discuss insights from studying genes associated with disease in humans. We argue that strong evidence causally links activated microglia function to neurodegeneration and discuss what seems to be a conflict between mouse models and human genetics. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Author Keywords
Alzheimer’s disease;  DAM;  Microglia;  Neurodegeneration;  Neuroimmunology;  Neuroinflammation

Document Type: Article in Press
Source: Scopus

"Disease-Associated Microglia: A Universal Immune Sensor of Neurodegeneration" (2018) Cell

Disease-Associated Microglia: A Universal Immune Sensor of Neurodegeneration
(2018) Cell, . Article in Press. 

Deczkowska, A.a , Keren-Shaul, H.a b , Weiner, A.a , Colonna, M.c , Schwartz, M.d , Amit, I.a

a Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
b Life Science Core Facility, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
c Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
d Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Abstract
A major challenge in the field of neurodegenerative diseases and brain aging is to identify the body’s intrinsic mechanism that could sense the central nervous system (CNS) damage early and protect the brain from neurodegeneration. Accumulating evidence suggests that disease-associated microglia (DAM), a recently identified subset of CNS resident macrophages found at sites of neurodegeneration, might play such a protective role. Here, we propose that microglia are endowed with a dedicated sensory mechanism, which includes the Trem2 signaling pathway, to detect damage within the CNS in the form of neurodegeneration-associated molecular patterns (NAMPs). Combining data from transcriptional analysis of DAM at single-cell level and from human genome-wide association studies (GWASs), we discuss potential function of different DAM pathways in the diseased brain and outline how manipulating DAM may create new therapeutic opportunities. Recent analyses of CNS immune cells in neurodegenerative conditions have identified a subset of microglia showing a unique transcriptional and functional signature, disease-associated microglia (DAM). This perspective proposes a role for DAM as a sensor of early CNS damage and discusses the therapeutic potential of modulating DAM function in CNS diseases. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Document Type: Article in Press
Source: Scopus