There is much to learn about the biology underlying sex and gender development, and how sex differences result in higher or lower incidences of disease and responses to treatments. Check these links to learn about WashU investigators who study sex differences, published findings, and additional resources related to sex and gender.
Glossary
- Assigned sex: determination made at a person’s birth based on an infant’s anatomy and/or sex chromosomes.
- Cisgender: when one’s gender identity and assigned sex coincide with societal norms (e.g., man and male).
- Gender identity: a label used to describe one’s identity within a given society’s understanding of gender.
- Nonbinary: a person who does not subscribe to conventional gender categories but identifies with neither, both, or a combination of genders. Related terms include genderqueer, gender fluid, and more.
- Transgender: when gender identity and sex do not coincide with societal norms.
*from Rubin JD, Atwood S, Olson KR, “Studying Gender Diversity” (2020), Trends in Cognitive Sciences
Resources
Nature, Collection of opinion articles on sex and gender in research
- “Sex and gender in science: How to navigate a challenging area of research to the benefit of all” (2024)
National Academies Consensus Study Report
Commentaries on sex and gender in neuroscience research
- “Neuroscience and Sex/Gender: Looking Back and Forward” | The Journal of Neuroscience (Viewpoints), 2020
- “Studying Gender Diversity” | Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2020
- “Reporting and misreporting of sex differences in the biological sciences” | eLife, 2021
From the 2019 Transgender Spectrum Conference
Publications from WashU authors
Associations between age, sex, APOE genotype, and regional vascular physiology in typically aging adults
Damestani NL, Jacoby J, Yadav SM, Lovely AE, Michael A, Terpstra M, Eshghi M, Rashid B, Cruchaga C, Salat DH, Juttukonda MR. (2023) NeuroImage, 275, art. no. 120167
Association of Sex with Neurobehavioral Markers of Executive Function in 2-Year-Olds at High and Low Likelihood of Autism
St. John T, Estes AM, Hazlett HC, Marrus N, Burrows CA, Donovan K, Torres Gomez S, Grzadzinski RL, Parish-Morris J, Smith R, Styner M, Garic D, Pandey J, Lee CM, Schultz RT, Botteron KN, Zwaigenbaum L, Piven J, Dager SR.JAMA Network Open. 2023
Sex-dependent effects of acute stress on amyloid-β in male and female mice
Edwards HM, Wallace CE, Gardiner WD, Doherty BM, Harrigan RT, Yuede KM, Yuede CM, Cirrito JC. Brain, 2023;, awad05
The relevance of rich club regions for functional outcome post-stroke is enhanced in women
Bonkhoff AK , Schirmer MD , Bretzner M, Hong S, Regenhardt RW, Donahue KL, Nardin MJ, Dalca AV, Giese A-K , Etherton MR, Hancock BL, Mocking SJT, McIntosh EC, Attia J, Cole JW, Donatti A, Griessenauer CJ, Heitsch L, Holmegaard L, Jood K, Jimenez-Conde J, Kittner SJ, Lemmens R, Levi CR, McDonough CW , Meschia JF, Phuah C-L, Ropele S, Rosand J, Roquer J, Rundek T, Sacco RL, Schmidt R, Sharma P, Slowik A , Sousa A, Stanne TM, Strbian D, Tatlisumak T, Thijs V, Vagal A, Wasselius J, Woo D, Zand R, McArdle PF, Worral BB, Jern C, Lindgren AG, Maguire J, Wu O, Rost NS, the MRI-GENIE and GISCOME Investigators and the International Stroke Genetics Consortium. (2022) Human Brain Mapping
Sex-specific hypnotic effects of the neuroactive steroid (3β,5β,17β)-3-hydroxyandrostane-17-carbonitrile are mediated by peripheral metabolism into an active hypnotic steroid
Manzella FM, Cabrera OH , Wilkey D , Fine-Raquet B, Klawitter J , Krishnan K, Covey DF, Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Todorovic SM. (2022) British Journal of Anaesthesia