WashU weekly Neuroscience publications

The immune-related microRNA miR-146b is upregulated in glioblastoma recurrence
(2018) Oncotarget, 9 (49), pp. 29036-29046. 

Khwaja, S.S.^a , Cai, C.^b , Badiyan, S.N.^c , Wang, X.^d , Huang, J.^d

^a Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth McGovern School of Medicine, Mischer Neuroscience Associates, Houston, TX, United States
^b Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
^c Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
^d Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St.Louis, MO, United States

Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) has a high rate of local recurrence despite chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Genome-wide expression profiling was performed on patient tumors before and after chemoradiotherapy to identify genes and gene pathways associated with recurrence. Results: Median time to recurrence was 8.9 months with median time to second surgery of 9.6 months. The microRNA (miRNA) analysis identified 9 oncologic and immune-related miRNAs to be differentially expressed, including the hypoxia-related miR-210 and the immune-modulatory miR-146b. More than 1200 differentiallyexpressed genes were identified with RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) identified p53 signaling, Notch, Wnt, VEGF, and MEK gene sets enriched in recurrent GBM. Consistent with the miRNA profiling data, the miR-146b target gene set from GSEA analysis was also associated with recurrence. Methods: Fourteen patients with GBM recurrence after CRT who had available tumor tissue from the initial diagnosis as well as recurrence were selected. Total RNA was isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor specimens. Genome-wide expression profiling using RT-PCR for miRNA analysis and RNA-seq for messenger RNA (mRNA) analysis were conducted to identify differentially-expressed genes. GSEA was performed on the differential expression data. Conclusions: Genome-wide expression profiling identifies multiple oncologic and immune-related gene sets associated with GBM recurrence. In particular, immunerelated miR-146b is upregulated in recurrence and deserves further investigation. ©Khwaja et al.

Author Keywords
GBM;  Gene expression profiling;  Glioma;  MiR-146b;  Recurrence

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain
(2018) Science, 360 (6395), art. no. 8757, . Cited 1 time.

Anttila, V.^{a b c xn} , Bulik-Sullivan, B.^{a c} , Finucane, H.K.^{b c d e} , Walters, R.K.^{a b c} , Bras, J.^{f g} , Duncan, L.^{a b c h} , Escott-Price, V.^{i j} , Falcone, G.J.^{k l m} , Gormley, P.^{a b c k} , Malik, R.ⁿ , Patsopoulos, N.A.^{c o} , Ripke, S.^{a b c p} , Wei, Z.^q , Yu, D.^{b k} , Lee, P.H.^{b k} , Turley, P.^{a c} , Grenier-Boley, B.^{r s t} , Chouraki, V.^{r s t u} , Kamatani, Y.^{v w} , Berr, C.^{x y z} , Letenneur, L.^{aa ab} , Hannequin, D.^{ac ad} , Amouyel, P.^{r s t u} , Boland, A.^ae , Deleuze, J.-F.^ae , Duron, E.^{af ag} , Vardarajan, B.N.^ah , Reitz, C.^ai , Goate, A.M.^aj , Huentelman, M.J.^ak , Ilyas Kamboh, M.^al , Larson, E.B.^{am an} , Rogaeva, E.^ao , George-Hyslop, P.S.^{ao ap} , Hakonarson, H.^{aq ar as} , Kukull, W.A.^at , Farrer, L.A.^au , Barnes, L.L.^{av aw ax} , Beach, T.G.^ay , Yesim Demirci, F.^al , Head, E.^az , Hulette, C.M.^ba , Jicha, G.A.^bb , Kauwe, J.S.K.^bc , Kaye, J.A.^bd , Leverenz, J.B.^be , Levey, A.I.^bf , Lieberman, A.P.^bg , Pankratz, V.S.^bh , Poon, W.W.^bi , Quinn, J.F.^{bj bk} , Saykin, A.J.^bl , Schneider, L.S.^bm , Smith, A.G.^bn , Sonnen, J.A.^{bo bp} , Stern, R.A.^bq , Van Deerlin, V.M.^br , Van Eldik, L.J.^az , Harold, D.^bs , Russo, G.^bt , Rubinsztein, D.C.^{bu bv} , Bayer, A.^bw , Tsolaki, M.^{bx by} , Proitsi, P.^bz , Fox, N.C.^{f ca} , Hampel, H.^{cb cc cd ce} , Owen, M.J.^{cf cg} , Mead, S.^ch , Passmore, P.^ci , Morgan, K.^cj , Nöthen, M.M.^{ck cl} , Rossor, M.^cm , Lupton, M.K.^{cn co} , Hoffmann, P.^{ck cl cp cq} , Kornhuber, J.^cr , Lawlor, B.^cs , McQuillin, A.^ct , Al-Chalabi, A.^{cu cv} , Bis, J.C.^cw , Ruiz, A.^{cx cy} , Boada, M.^cx , Seshadri, S.^{cz da db} , Beiser, A.^{db dc dd} , Rice, K.^de , Van Der Lee, S.J.^df , De Jager, P.L.^dg , Geschwind, D.H.^{dh di dj} , Riemenschneider, M.^dk , Riedel-Heller, S.^dl , Rotter, J.I.^dm , Ransmayr, G.^dn , Hyman, B.T.^{l m} , Cruchaga, C.^dp , Alegret, M.^cx , Winsvold, B.^{dq dr} , Palta, P.^{ds dt} , Farh, K.-H.^{c du} , Cuenca-Leon, E.^{b c k} , Furlotte, N.^dv , Kurth, T.^dw , Ligthart, L.^dx , Terwindt, G.M.^dy , Freilinger, T.^{dz ea} , Ran, C.^eb , Gordon, S.D.^cn , Borck, G.^ec , Adams, H.H.H.^{df ed} , Lehtimäki, T.^ee , Wedenoja, J.^{ef eg} , Buring, J.E.^eh , Schürks, M.^ei , Hrafnsdottir, M.^ej , Hottenga, J.-J.^{dx ek} , Penninx, B.^el , Artto, V.^em , Kaunisto, M.^ds , Vepsäläinen, S.^em , Martin, N.G.^cn , Montgomery, G.W.^{cn en} , Kurki, M.I.^{a c k ds} , Hämäläinen, E.^ds , Huang, H.^{a b eo} , Huang, J.^{ep eq} , Sandor, C.^er , Webber, C.^{j er} , Muller-Myhsok, B.^{es et eu} , Schreiber, S.^{ev ew} , Salomaa, V.^ex , Loehrer, E.^ey , Göbel, H.^ez , Macaya, A.^fa , Pozo-Rosich, P.^{fb fc} , Hansen, T.^{fd fe} , Werge, T.^{fe ff fg} , Kaprio, J.^{ds eg} , Metspalu, A.^dt , Kubisch, C.^fh , Ferrari, M.D.^dy , Belin, A.C.^eb , Van Den Maagdenberg, A.M.J.M.^{dy fi} , Zwart, J.-A.^fj , Boomsma, D.^fk , Eriksson, N.^dv , Olesen, J.^fd , Chasman, D.I.^{m fl} , Nyholt, D.R.^fm , Avbersek, A.^fn , Baum, 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if} , Morris, H.R.^hk , Sharma, M.^ig , Ryten, M.^hk , Mok, K.Y.^{g ih} , Pulit, S.^{c ii ij} , Bevan, S.^ik , Holliday, E.^il , Attia, J.^{im in} , Battey, T.^{k io} , Boncoraglio, G.^{ip iq} , Thijs, V.^{hi ir} , Chen, W.-M.^is , Mitchell, B.^{it iu} , Rothwell, P.^iv , Sharma, P.^{iw ix} , Sudlow, C.^iy , Vicente, A.^{iz ja} , Markus, H.^jb , Kourkoulis, C.^{c k do} , Pera, J.^jc , Raffeld, M.^{c k do jd} , Silliman, S.^je , Perica, V.B.^jf , Thornton, L.M.^jg , Huckins, L.M.^jh , William Rayner, N.^{ji jj jk} , Lewis, C.M.^jl , Gratacos, M.^jm , Rybakowski, F.^jn , Keski-Rahkonen, A.^jo , Raevuori, A.^{jo jp} , Hudson, J.I.^jq , Reichborn-Kjennerud, T.^{jr js} , Monteleone, P.^jt , Karwautz, A.^ju , Mannik, K.^{dt jv} , Baker, J.H.^jg , O’Toole, J.K.^jw , Trace, S.E.^jx , Davis, O.S.P.^jy , Helder, S.G.^{jl jz} , Ehrlich, S.^ka , Herpertz-Dahlmann, B.^kb , Danner, U.N.^{kc kd} , Van Elburg, A.A.^{kc kd} , Clementi, M.^ke , Forzan, M.^kf , Docampo, E.^{kg kh} , Lissowska, J.^ki , Hauser, J.^kj , Tortorella, A.^kk , Maj, M.^kl , Gonidakis, F.^km , Tziouvas, K.^kn , Papezova, H.^{ko kp} , Yilmaz, Z.^jg , Wagner, G.^kq , Cohen-Woods, S.^kr , Herms, S.^{ck cl cp cq} , Julia, A.^ks , Rabionet, R.^{kt ku kv kw} , Dick, D.M.^kx , Ripatti, S.^{ds eg ky} , Andreassen, O.A.^{kz la} , Espeseth, T.^{kz lb lc} , Lundervold, A.J.^{lc ld} , Steen, V.M.^{le lf} , Pinto, D.^{lg lh li lj} , Scherer, S.W.^{lk ll} , Aschauer, H.^lm , Schosser, A.^{ln lo} , Alfredsson, L.^lp , Padyukov, L.^lq , Halmi, K.A.^lr , Mitchell, J.^{ls lt} , Strober, M.^lu , Bergen, A.W.^{lv lw} , Kaye, W.^lx , Szatkiewicz, J.P.^jg , Cormand, B.^{kt ku kv ly} , Ramos-Quiroga, J.A.^{lz ma mb mc} , Sánchez-Mora, C.^{lz ma mc} , Ribasés, M.^{lz ma mc} , Casas, M.^{lz md me mf} , Hervas, A.^mg , Arranz, M.J.^mh , Haavik, J.^{mi mj} , Zayats, T.^{a mi} , Johansson, S.^{lf mk} , Williams, N.ⁱ , Dempfle, A.^ml , Rothenberger, A.^mm , Kuntsi, J.^mn , Oades, R.D.^mo , Banaschewski, T.^mp , Franke, B.^{mq mr ms} , Buitelaar, J.K.^{mt mu} , Vasquez, A.A.^mv , Doyle, A.E.^{m do} , Reif, A.^mw , Lesch, K.-P.^{mx my mz} , Freitag, C.^na , Rivero, O.^mz , Palmason, H.^ej , Romanos, M.^nb , Langley, K.^{cf nc} , Rietschel, M.^nd , Witt, S.H.^nd , Dalsgaard, S.^{fg ne nf} , Børglum, A.D.^{fg ng nh ni} , Waldman, I.^nj , Wilmot, B.^nk , Molly, N.^nl , Bau, C.H.D.^{nm nn} , Crosbie, J.^{no np} , Schachar, R.^{np nq} , Loo, S.K.^nr , McGough, J.J.^ns , Grevet, E.H.^{nn nt} , Medland, S.E.^cn , Robinson, E.^{a b e} , Weiss, L.A.^{nu nv nw} , Bacchelli, E.^nx , Bailey, A.^{ny nz} , Bal, V.^{nu nv nw} , Battaglia, A.^oa , Betancur, C.^ob , Bolton, P.^{mn oc} , Cantor, R.^od , Celestino-Soper, P.^oe , Dawson, G.^of , De Rubeis, S.^{lg lh oi} , Duque, F.^{og oh} , Green, A.^{oj ok} , Klauck, S.M.^ol , Leboyer, M.^{om on oo} , Levitt, P.^{bm op} , Maestrini, E.^nx , Mane, S.^{oq or} , Moreno-De-Luca, D.^os , Parr, J.^{ot ou ov} , Regan, R.^{ok ow} , Reichenberg, A.^jh , Sandin, S.^{lg lh ox} , Vorstman, J.^{oy 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C.^{qz ra} , Jones, I.R.^rb , Posthuma, D.^{rc rd} , Andlauer, T.F.M.^{es re} , Forstner, A.J.^{ck cl cp cq rf} , Streit, F.^nd , Baune, B.T.^rg , Air, T.^rg , Sinnamon, G.^{ri rj} , Wray, N.R.^{en rh} , MacIntyre, D.J.^rk , Porteous, D.^rl , Homuth, G.^rm , Rivera, M.^{jl rn} , Grove, J.^{fg ng nh ro} , Middeldorp, C.M.^{dx rp rq} , Hickie, I.^rr , Pergadia, M.^dp , Mehta, D.^{rs rt} , Smit, J.H.^{el rv rw} , Jansen, R.^el , De Geus, E.^{dx rv} , Dunn, E.^{k ru} , Li, Q.S.^rx , Nauck, M.^{ry rz} , Schoevers, R.A.^sa , Beekman, A.T.F.^{el sb} , Knowles, J.A.^sc , Viktorin, A.^ox , Arnold, P.^{oz sd se} , Barr, C.L.^{np nq sf} , Bedoya-Berrio, G.^sg , Joseph Bienvenu, O.^sh , Brentani, H.^si , Burton, C.^nq , Camarena, B.^sj , Cappi, C.^si , Cath, D.^{sl sm} , Cavallini, M.^sn , Cusi, D.^so , Darrow, S.^sp , Denys, D.^{sr ss} , Derks, E.M.^cn , Dietrich, A.^{sk st} , Fernandez, T.^sq , Figee, M.^{lg sr} , Freimer, N.^qu , Gerber, G.^k , Grados, M.^po , Greenberg, E.^do , Hanna, G.L.^pr , Hartmann, A.^{su sv sw} , Hirschtritt, M.E.^{nu nw} , Hoekstra, P.J.^st , Huang, A.^{ns sx} , Huyser, C.^{sy sz} , Illmann, C.^do , Jenike, M.^m , Kuperman, S.^ta , Leventhal, B.^sp , Lochner, C.^tb , Lyon, G.J.^tc , Macciardi, F.^td , Madruga-Garrido, M.^tf , Malaty, I.A.^te , Maras, A.^tg , McGrath, L.^th , Miguel, E.C.^ti , Mir, P.^{tj tk} , Nestadt, G.^po , Nicolini, H.^{tl tm} , Okun, M.S.^{tn to tp} , Pakstis, A.^or , Paschou, P.^tr , Piacentini, J.^ns , Pittenger, C.^tq , Plessen, K.^{ts tt} , Ramensky, V.^tu , Ramos, E.M.^tv , Reus, V.^{nu nw} , Richter, M.A.^{tw tx} , Riddle, M.A.^sh , Robertson, M.M.^ty , Roessner, V.^tz , Rosário, M.^{ua ub} , Samuels, J.F.^po , Sandor, P.^{tx uc ud} , Stein, D.J.^{tb ue} , Tsetsos, F.^uf , Van Nieuwerburgh, F.^ug , Weatherall, S.^k , Wendland, J.R.^uh , Wolanczyk, T.^ui , Worbe, Y.^{uj uk ul} , Zai, G.^tx , Goes, F.S.^po , McLaughlin, N.^{um un} , Nestadt, P.S.^po , Grabe, H.-J.^uo , Depienne, C.^{up uq ur} , Konkashbaev, A.^us , 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^a Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
^b Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of mit and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
^c Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of mit and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
^d Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
^e Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
^f UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
^g Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
^h Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
ⁱ Cardiff University, Medical Research Council Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychology, Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff, United Kingdom
^j Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
^k Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
^l Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
^m Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
ⁿ Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
^o Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
^p Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
^q Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, New Jersey, United States
^r INSERM U1167 LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
^s Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
^t Université de Lille, U1167, RID-AGE, Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
^u Centre Hosp, Univ Lille, Lille, France
^v Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
^w Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
^x INSERM U1061 – Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France
^y University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
^z Memory Research and Resources Center, Department of Neurology, Montpellier University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France
^aa INSERM, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
^ab University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
^ac Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
^ad Inserm U1245, Rouen, France
^ae Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, Evry, France
^af Department of Gerontology, Hôpital Broca, AH-HP, Paris, France
^ag Hôpital Paul Brousse Université Paris Sud XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
^ah Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Dept of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
^ai Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
^aj Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
^ak Translational Genomics Research Institute, Neurogenomics Division, Phoenix, AZ, United States
^al University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
^am Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
^an Department of Medicine, University of WashingtonWA, United States
^ao Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
^ap Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
^aq Center for Applied Genomics of The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
^ar Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
^as Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
^at National Alzheimer Coordinating Center (NACC), Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^au Department of Medicine, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
^av Rush Alzheimers Disease Center, Chicago, IL, United States
^aw Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, United States
^ax Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, United States
^ay Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, United States
^az Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
^ba Department of Pathology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
^bb College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
^bc Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
^bd Layton Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
^be Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
^bf Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
^bg Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
^bh University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
^bi Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
^bj Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
^bk Department of Neurology and Parkinson’s Disease Research Education and Clinical Care Center (PADRECC), Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
^bl Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
^bm Keck School of Medicine of the, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
^bn Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
^bo Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
^bp Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^bq Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
^br Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
^bs School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
^bt Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH/UZH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
^bu Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom
^bv UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
^bw School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
^bx 1st and 3rd Departments of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
^by Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders, Thessaloniki, Greece
^bz Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
^ca Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
^cb Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
^cc Institute of Memory and Alzheimer’s Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
^cd Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
^ce AXA Research Fund and Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France
^cf MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
^cg Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
^ch Institute of Prion Diseases and MRC Prion Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
^ci Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
^cj Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
^ck Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
^cl Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
^cm Department of Neurodegeneration, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
^cn QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
^co Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, United Kingdom
^cp Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
^cq Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
^cr Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
^cs Department of Psychiatry and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
^ct Division of Psychiatry, Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
^cu Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
^cv King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
^cw Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^cx Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
^cy Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain
^cz Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
^da Neurology and Neurogenetics Core, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States
^db School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
^dc School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
^dd Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States
^de Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^df Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
^dg Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
^dh Neurogenetics Program, Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
^di Center For Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
^dj Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
^dk Department of Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
^dl Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
^dm Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
^dn Department of Neurology II, Kepler University Clinic, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
^do Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
^dp Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
^dq Communication and Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Disorders (FORMI), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
^dr Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
^ds Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
^dt Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
^du Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
^dv 23andMe Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States
^dw Institute of PublicHealth, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
^dx Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
^dy Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
^dz Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
^ea Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
^eb Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
^ec Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
^ed Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
^ee Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
^ef Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
^eg Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
^eh Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
^ei Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Germany
^ej Landspitali National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
^ek Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
^el Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
^em Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
^en Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
^eo Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
^ep Boston VA Research Institute, Boston, MA, United States
^eq Brigham Women’s Hospital, Division of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
^er Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
^es Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
^et Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
^eu Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
^ev Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
^ew Clinic of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
^ex National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
^ey Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
^ez Kiel Pain and Headache Center, Kiel, Germany
^fa Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
^fb Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
^fc Headache Research Group, VHIR, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
^fd Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet Glostrup and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
^fe Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark
^ff Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
^fg Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
^fh Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
^fi Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
^fj Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
^fk Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
^fl Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
^fm Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
^fn Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
^fo Centre for Genomic Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
^fp Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
^fq Quantinuum Research LLC, San Diego, CA, United States
^fr Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
^fs Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States
^ft Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
^fu Epilepsy Society, Chalfont-St-Peter, Bucks, United Kingdom
^fv Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Universite de Montreal, Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
^fw Neurogenetics Group, VIB-CMN, Antwerp, Belgium
^fx University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
^fy Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
^fz Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
^ga Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
^gb Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
^gc Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
^gd Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
^ge NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
^gf Amplexa Genetics A/S, Odense, Denmark
^gg Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
^gh Epilepsy Center/ Neurocenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
^gi Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
^gj Department of Epileptology, University Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
^gk Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
^gl Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, NIHR University College London Hospitals, Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
^gm Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands
^gn Epilepsy Foundation in the Netherlands (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands
^go Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
^gp Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
^gq Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
^gr Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
^gs Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
^gt Danish Epilepsy Centre, Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark
^gu Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
^gv Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
^gw United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong
^gx Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong
^gy Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
^gz Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
^ha UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, United States
^hb Department of Neurology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
^hc Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
^hd Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
^he Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
^hf Department of Neurology, University of Munich Hospital, Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany
^hg Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
^hh Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
^hi Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
^hj Institute of Neuropathology, Bonn University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
^hk UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
^hl Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, United Kingdom
^hm University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
^hn Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
^ho Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, “G. Gaslini” Institute, Genova, Italy
^hp Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
^hq Section of Epileptology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
^hr Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
^hs Department of Neurology, Admiraal De Ruyter Hospital, Goes, Netherlands
^ht Laboratory of Neurogenetics, G. Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy
^hu Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
^hv University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
^hw Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
^hx Department of Neurology and Epileptology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
^hy Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
^hz CWZ Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
^ia Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
^ib Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
^ic German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
^id Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
^ie INSERM U1220, IRSD, Toulouse, France
^if Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
^ig Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometery, University of Tubingen, Germany
^ih Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong
ⁱⁱ Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
^ij Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
^ik University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
^il Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
^im University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
ⁱⁿ Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
^io Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
^ip Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
^iq PhD Program in Neuroscience, University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
^ir Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
^is University of Virginia Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
^it Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
^iu Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
^iv Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
^iw Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Royal Holloway University of London, London, United Kingdom
^ix Ashford and St Peters NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, United Kingdom
^iy University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
^iz Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
^ja Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute – BioISI, University of Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
^jb Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
^jc Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
^jd Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
^je Department of Neurology, College of Medicine-Jacksonville, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
^jf University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
^jg University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
^jh Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
^ji Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
^jj Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
^jk Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
^jl MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
^jm Genes and Disease Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
^jn Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
^jo Clinicum, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland
^jp Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
^jq Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
^jr Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
^js University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
^jt Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Italy
^ju Eating Disorders Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
^jv Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
^jw Kartini Clinic, Portland, OR, United States
^jx Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
^jy MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
^jz Zorg op Orde BV, Leidschendam, Netherlands
^ka Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
^kb Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine of University Clinics, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
^kc Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, Netherlands
^kd Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
^ke Medical Genetics Unit, Department SDB, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
^kf UOC Genetica ed Epidemiologica Clinica Az. Ospedaliera, Padova, Italy
^kg Department of Human Genetics, CHU Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
^kh Department of Rheumatology, CHU Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
^ki Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Cancer Center and M. Sklodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
^kj Department of Psychiatry, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
^kk Department of Psychiatry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
^kl Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
^km Eating Disorders Unit, 1st Psychiatric Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
^kn Aglaia Kyriakou Childrens Hospital, Athens, Greece
^ko Eating Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
^kp General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
^kq Medical University of Vienna, Austria
^kr School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
^ks Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
^kt Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
^ku Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
^kv Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
^kw Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
^kx Departments of Psychology and Human and Molecular Genetics, College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
^ky Broad Institute of mit and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
^kz NORMENT, Div. of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
^la Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
^lb Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
^lc K. G. Jebsen Centre for Research onNeuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
^ld Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
^le NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
^lf Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
^lg Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
^lh Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
^li Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
^lj Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
^lk McLaughlin Centre, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
^ll Centre for Applied Genomics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
^lm Biopsychosocial Corporation, Vienna, Austria
^ln Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
^lo Zentren für Seelische Gesundheit, BBRZ-Med, Vienna, Austria
^lp Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
^lq Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
^lr Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
^ls School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
^lt Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, United States
^lu Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
^lv BioRealm, Walnut, CA, United States
^lw Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, United States
^lx Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
^ly Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
^lz Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
^ma Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
^mb Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
^mc Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
^md Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
^me Programa Corporatiu “Neurodevelopment Disorders along Life Span”, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
^mf Clinica Galatea y PAIMM, Mental Health Program for Impaired Physicians, Barcelona, Spain
^mg Child and Adolescent Mental Health Unit, Hospital Universitario Mútua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
^mh Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, Canada
^mi K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
^mj Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
^mk K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
^ml Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
^mm Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
^mn Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
^mo Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
^mp Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
^mq Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
^mr Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
^ms Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
^mt Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
^mu Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
^mv Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
^mw Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
^mx Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
^my Department of Translational Psychiatry, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
^mz Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
^na Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
^nb Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
^nc School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
^nd Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
^ne National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
^nf Hospital of Telemark, Kragerø, Norway
^ng Department of Biomedicine and Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
^nh Center for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
ⁿⁱ Aarhus Genome Center, Aarhus, Denmark
^nj Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
^nk Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
^nl Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
^nm Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
ⁿⁿ ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
^no Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
^np University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
^nq Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
^nr Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
^ns Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
^nt Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
^nu Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
^nv Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
^nw Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
^nx Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
^ny Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
^nz Institute of Mental Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
^oa Stella Maris Clinical Research Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Pisa, Italy
^ob Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
^oc NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Mental Health Maudsley Hospital, London, United Kingdom
^od Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
^oe LifeOmic, Indianapolis, IN, United States
^of Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
^og University Clinic of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
^oh Child Developmental Center, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
^oi Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
^oj Dept of Clinical Genetics, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
^ok School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
^ol Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, Division of Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
^om Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
^on Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
^oo Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
^op Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
^oq Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
^or Department of Genetics, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
^os Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
^ot Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
^ou Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
^ov Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Northumberland, United Kingdom
^ow Genomics Medicine Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
^ox Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
^oy Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
^oz Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
^pa Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
^pb Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^pc Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
^pd Center for Psychiatric Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, United States
^pe Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
^pf Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debre Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
^pg Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
^ph Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Santé (CERPPS), Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France
^pi CERESA, Toulouse, France
^pj Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
^pk Academic Centre on RareDiseases University College Dublin (ACoRD/UCD), Dublin, Ireland
^pl McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
^pm Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
^pn Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
^po Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
^pp Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
^pq Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
^pr Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
^ps SRH University Heidelberg, Academy for Psychotherapy, Heidelberg, Germany
^pt Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
^pu Advanced Interventions Service, NHS Tayside, Dundee, United Kingdom
^pv NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
^pw Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
^px Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
^py Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
^pz Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
^qa Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
^qb Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
^qc School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
^qd Unidad de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
^qe Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
^qf Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
^qg Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
^qh Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
^qi Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
^qj School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
^qk Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia
^ql University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
^qm Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
^qn Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
^qo Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
^qp National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
^qq Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
^qr Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
^qs Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
^qt University College London, London, United Kingdom
^qu Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
^qv UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
^qw SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
^qx Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Cologne, Germany
^qy Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
^qz Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
^ra Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
^rb National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
^rc Department Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
^rd Department Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
^re Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
^rf Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
^rg Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
^rh Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
^ri Bela Menso Brain and Behaviour Centre, James Cook University, Varsity Lakes, Australia
^rj Bond University, Faculty of Society and Design, Robina, Australia
^rk Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
^rl Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
^rm Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
^rn Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Neurosciences, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
^ro Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
^rp Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
^rq Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children’s HealthQueensland Health and Hospital Service, Brisbane, Australia
^rr Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
^rs School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of TechnologyQLD, Australia
^rt University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
^ru Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
^rv Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
^rw Department of Research and Innovation, GGZ Ingeest, Specialized Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, Netherlands
^rx Janssen Research and Development LLC, Titusville, NJ, United States
^ry Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
^rz German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
^sa Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
^sb Department of Psychiatry GGZ INGEEST, Amsterdam, Netherlands
^sc Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
^sd Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
^se Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
^sf Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
^sg Grupo de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
^sh Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
^si Department of Psychiatry, Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
^sj Depto. Farmacogenética, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
^sk University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
^sl Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, Netherlands
^sm Department of Specialized Trainings, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care Services, Assen, Netherlands
^sn Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
^so Bio4Dreams Srl, Milan, Italy
^sp University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
^sq Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
^sr Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
^ss Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
^st Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
^su Centre National Maladie ‘Syndrome Rare Gilles de la Tourette’, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
^sv Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Départment de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
^sw Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France
^sx Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
^sy De Bascule, Amsterdam, Netherlands
^sz Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
^ta Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
^tb MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
^tc Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
^td Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
^te Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
^tf Sección de Neuropediatría, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
^tg Yulius Academy, Yulius Mental Health Organization, Barendrecht, Netherlands
^th Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
^ti Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
^tj Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
^tk Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
^tl National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Ciudad de México, Mexico
^tm Clinical Research, Grupo Médico Carracci, Mexico City, Mexico
^tn Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
^to Fixel Center for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
^tp McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
^tq Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
^tr Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
^ts Division of Adolescent and Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
^tt Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services Capital Region Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
^tu Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Institusky 9, Moscow, Russian Federation
^tv Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
^tw Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
^tx Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
^ty Division of Neuropsychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
^tz Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
^ua Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit (UPIA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
^ub Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
^uc University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
^ud Youthdale Treatment Centers, Toronto, Canada
^ue Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
^uf Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
^ug Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
^uh Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY, United States
^ui Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
^uj Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Médecine, Paris, France
^uk Reference center for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France
^ul Department of Physiology, Saint Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
^um Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
^un Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
^uo Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
^up Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
^uq INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris, France
^ur IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
^us Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
^ut Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
^uu Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
^uv School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
^uw Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
^ux School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
^uy Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
^uz Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
^va Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
^vb Assistance Publique – Hopitaux de Paris, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
^vc Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7222 Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et Robotiques, Paris, France
^vd Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
^ve Minerva Neurosciences Inc., Waltham, MA, United States
^vf Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
^vg VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
^vh APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
^vi Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
^vj Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
^vk Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, IL, United States
^vl Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
^vm Arkin, Amsterdam, Netherlands
^vn Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
^vo Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
^vp Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
^vq Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
^vr Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
^vs Institute of Mental Health, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
^vt Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
^vu Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, Australia
^vv Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
^vw Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
^vx Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
^vy Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
^vz Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
^wa NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
^wb Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
^wc Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg University Hospital UKGM, Marburg, Germany
^wd Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
^we Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
^wf Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
^wg Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne HealthVIC, Australia
^wh Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
^wi Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
^wj Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
^wk Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, IL, United States
^wl Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
^wm Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
^wn Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
^wo School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
^wp KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
^wq Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
^wr Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
^ws Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
^wt UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
^wu Centre for Psychiatry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
^wv School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
^ww Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
^wx Research Unit, Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway
^wy Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
^wz Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
^xa NSW Health Pathology, Newcastle, Australia
^xb Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
^xc Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social Genetics and Developmental Psychiatry Center, MRC, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
^xd NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
^xe Departments of Psychiatry and Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
^xf Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
^xg Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
^xh Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
^xi Department of Psychiatry and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
^xj Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
^xk Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
^xl Department of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
^xm Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Colle e Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

Abstract
Disorders of the brain can exhibit considerable epidemiological comorbidity and often share symptoms, provoking debate about their etiologic overlap. We quantified the genetic sharing of 25 brain disorders from genome-wide association studies of 265,218 patients and 784,643 control participants and assessed their relationship to 17 phenotypes from 1,191,588 individuals. Psychiatric disorders share common variant risk, whereas neurological disorders appear more distinct from one another and from the psychiatric disorders. We also identified significant sharing between disorders and a number of brain phenotypes, including cognitive measures. Further, we conducted simulations to explore how statistical power, diagnostic misclassification, and phenotypic heterogeneity affect genetic correlations. These results highlight the importance of common genetic variation as a risk factor for brain disorders and the value of heritability-based methods in understanding their etiology. © 2018 American Association for the Advancement of Science. All rights reserved.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

Scaling of human brain size
(2018) Science (New York, N.Y.), 360 (6394), pp. 1184-1185. 

Van Essen, D.C.

Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA. vanessen@wustl.edu

Document Type: Note
Source: Scopus